Between the two rift valleys lies a plateau that comprises most of Uganda and western Tanzania and includes Lake Victoria. The situation is exacerbated by large-scale illegal logging, which is often exported to international markets. By the 5th/11th century the Indian Ocean trade had shifted to the ports at the head of the Persian Gulf, in particular K and Hormoz (Ricks, pp. Best Answer. (2009 est.) WWF works with communities to identify vulnerabilities to climate change, and help them develop strategies to adapt and increase their resilience. We work with famers to improve soil fertility, resulting in greater yield on less land. Madagascar is by far the biggest, and a continent on its own when it comes to wildlife. The Periplus Maris Erythraei. A dense concentration of box jellyfish in the Atlantic Ocean, Cape Town, South Africa Geo Cloete (Photographer of the Year 2018 Semi-finalist), In 2016, I published a photo of an unusual and yet to be described behaviour displayed by box jellyfish. With maximum velocities of around 8.5 km/h, it is one of the fastest and strongest flowing currents in the world. Some parts of East Africa have been renowned for their concentrations of wild animals, such as the "big five": the elephant, buffalo, lion, black rhinoceros,[21] and leopard, though populations have been declining under increased stress in recent times, particularly those of the rhino and elephant. WWF supports the rangers who patrol protected areas in Tanzania and Mozambique. Further information in the sections of Architecture of Africa: Further information in the sections of History of science and technology in Africa: Since the end of colonialism, several East African countries were riven with military coups, ethnic violence and oppressive dictators. Its here, in the deep, pelagic waters, where blue sharks (Prionace glauca) call it home. During barter, the foreigners bartered their goods with gold, ivory and slaves. It is narrow (approx. The Horn of Africa, a major peninsular extension of the African mainland into the Arabian Sea, contains the vast lowland coastal plains of Somalia. 1. Once implemented, the law will save the lives of up to 5,000 marine turtles per year and allow Mozambican fishers to sell their shrimp to the U.S. market. Its a beautiful part of the world this blue desert with its hidden abundance of life. Aksum was at the time ruled by Zoskales, who also governed the port of Adulis. The Swahili term "dhow" encompasses a diversity of sailing ships, from coastal fishing boats to ocean-going vessels. The east coast of Africa holds a bounty of life that rivals the land. Both the Tigray and the Amhara, another Semitic-speaking group, dominate northwestern Ethiopia. This, coupled with similar climatic and ecological conditions in most of the surrounding coastal lands, has . A man exercises on an unseasonably warm December day in New York City. 12. The islands of Primeiras and Segundas off the coast of Mozambique are a major nesting site for several marine turtle species. The coast of East Africa stretches 4,600km from southern Somalia to the Natal shores of South Africa. Prevailing climatic conditions and the regions' geomorphology allowed the establishment of flourishing European style settlements like Nairobi, Vila Pery, Vila Junqueiro, Porto Amlia, Loureno Marques and Entebbe.[68]. But also because there are so many different tourist coasts along its length. The traders relied on the monsoon winds to blow their ships to and from the east African coast. The Omani Arabs posed the most direct challenge to Portuguese influence in the African Great Lakes region.By this time, the Portuguese Empire had already lost its interest on the spice trade sea route due to the decreasing profitability of that business. Between 2500 and 3000 years ago, Bantu-speaking peoples began a millennia-long series of migrations eastward from their homeland around southern Cameroon. This in turn challenged the older trading networks of mixed land and sea routes, such as the spice trade routes which utilized the Persian Gulf, Red Sea, and camel caravans to reach the eastern Mediterranean.[66]. 1: The volcanic ridge offshore Mayotte. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. [79], According to the CIA, as of 2017, the countries in the eastern Africa region have a total population of around 537.9 million inhabitants.[80]. Outside of protected areas, WWF supports joint antipoaching efforts, involving police, military and park service staff. The Italian occupation of Ethiopia ended in 1941 during World War II as part of the East African Campaign.The French also staked out an East African outpost on the route to French Indochina. It is narrow, swift and strong. This little piece of heaven is very popular for honeymoons and romantic breaks. The Western Rift Valley curves along the western borders of Uganda and Tanzania. 08/22/2019. Ibo Island, one of 27 small islands in the Quirimbas Archipelago. [32][33][34][35], In 2017 finds of modern human remains, dating to ca 300,000 years ago in Jebel Irhoud in Morocco, suggested that modern humans arose earlier and possibly in a larger area of Africa than previously thought. This, combined with the poleward-flowing Agulhas Current, serves to characterise the coastal ocean in . For discussion of the physical and human geography of individual countries in the region and of their late colonial and postcolonial history, see Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Tanzania, and Uganda. It was last seen in British general knowledge crossword. The Portuguese presence in the area officially began after 1505, when flagships under the command of Don Francisco de Almeida conquered Kilwa, an island located in what is now southern Tanzania. It has official status in Tanzania, Kenya and Uganda. The visibility was less than five metres, and it was a disappointing dive. This . Along the coasts, you can find dugongs, whale sharks, dolphins, whales, and five species of marine turtles. Aromatic gums, tortoiseshell, ivory, and slaves were traded in return. Stay safe. But there is: underwater. A humpback whale breaches in the waters by Nosy Boraha Island (le Sainte-Marie), Madagascar Gudkov Andrey (Photographer of the Year 2018 Top 101), ? Elephants, rhinos, lions, wild dogs, and more iconic species roam the landscape. This article covers the history of the area from ancient times through the 20th century. The east coast of Africa experiences seasonally alternating 'trade' winds which have enabled sailing dhows to travel up and down the coast, fostering the movement of people and goods between the countries of Arabia, the Western Indian Ocean and East Africa for many centuries. Organised by The Society for Arabian Studies. Greek and Roman coins have been found, and there are some accounts of overseas migrations to the coast. German East Africa, though very extensive, was not of such strategic importance as the British Crown's colonies to the north: the inhabitation of these lands was difficult and thus limited, mainly due to climatic conditions and the local geomorphology. It is lined with coral reefs, majestic islands, and, under the surface, animals bigger than any of the "Big Five", and none of them are in game parks! WWF and partners have helped fishermen create a sustainable oyster harvesting system, resulting in increased profits and yield. Location: Africa El Nino events tend to increase rainfall except in the northern and western parts of the Ethiopian and Eritrean highlands, where they produce drought and poor Nile floods. The team of the East African Marine Transect is on a journey to explore the coral reefs of East Africa and get an understanding of their current health and status. It imported large quantities of Islamic pottery and, in the 9th and 10th centuries, Chinese porcelain. From: Red Sea Trade and Travel. Miller, J. Innes. Born out of wedlock . WWF seeks to halt the illegal logging in Mozambique and Tanzania that is destroying vital coastal forests. This is usually attributed to the passage of the Intertropical Convergence Zone across the region in those months, but it may also be analogous to the autumn monsoon rains of parts of Sri Lanka, Vietnam, and the Brazilian Nordeste. eastern Africa, part of sub-Saharan Africa comprising two traditionally recognized regions: East Africa, made up of Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda; and the Horn of Africa, made up of Somalia, Djibouti, Eritrea, and Ethiopia. Djibouti, as well as the Puntland and Somaliland regions of Somalia, have also seen relative stability. With 1.4 billion people as of 2021, it accounts for about 18% of the world's human population.Africa's population is the youngest amongst all the . However, all is not lost as marine reserves around the globe have proven what a remarkable recovery the marine ecosystem can make if given full protection. A blue shark just below the surface about 40km off Cape Point, South Africa Geo Cloete (Photographer of the Year 2018 Top 101), Sail southwest from Cape Point and eventually you will be surrounded by the blue horizon in all directions. The region has endured the following post-colonial conflicts: Kenya has enjoyed relatively stable governance. . The coastline of South Africa, stretching 1,740 miles (2,800 kilometers) From Mozambique to Namibia, is presided over by two great oceanic systems: a powerful current on one side of the continent . It is believed that almost 90% of the entire wildlife of Madagascar is found nowhere else on planet Earth. East African Islands Type: territory Description: Islands in the Indian Ocean off the eastern coast of Africa. In fact, a 2015 study published in Geophysical Research Letters showed that by closely watching these tropical disturbances off the coast of western Africa, researchers . Vasco da Gama visited Mombasa in 1498. The east coast of South Africa has a generally well-defined and narrow continental shelf area. At Lake Malawi, they finally met the recently created British Protectorate of Nyasaland (nowadays Malawi), which surrounded the homonymous lake on three sides, leaving the Portuguese the control of lake's eastern coast. Foreigners operate large-scale industrial fisheries along the coast, exporting most of the catch. Like their predecessors, the Omani Arabs were primarily able only to control the coastal areas, not the interior. Unusually, most of the rain falls in two distinct wet seasons, one centred on April and the other in October or November. Ruins at Kilwa, on the southern Tanzanian coast, probably date from the 9th or perhaps from the 8th century. Precipitation also is affected by varying elevation: Uganda, Tanzania, and western Kenya receive plentiful rainfall, while Somalia, eastern Ethiopia, and northeastern Kenya receive far less. Some of the earliest hominin skeletal remains have been found in the wider region, including fossils discovered in the Awash Valley of Ethiopia, as well as in the Koobi Fora in Kenya and Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania. The East African Rift valley, the Red Sea, and the Gulf of Aden are clearly visible in this Landsat 8 image, taken on 8 November 2019. . Discounts at Africas best lodges and on our hand-made packages subscribers only, STORIES & DISCUSSIONS In East Africa, the shift was marked by the appearance of sgraffito pottery manufactured in the Makrn. While Madagascar is dominant, there are several smaller islands. The regions vegetation ranges from woodlands and grasslands in the wetter regions to thornbushes in semiarid areas. Manda had close trading connections with the Persian Gulfwith Srf in particular. Over a period of many centuries, most hunting-foraging peoples were displaced and absorbed by incoming Bantu communities, as well as by later Nilotic communities. You really can walk across the Red Sea at Sharm el-Sheik. Madagascar is also considered to be the world's fourth-largest island which offers a plethora of unique collection of flora and fauna. 1: The Swahili Coast of East Africa | From 1000 to 1500 CE, numerous Swahili states emerged along this 1,000 mile stretch from Mogadishu in the north (present-day Somalia) to Sofala in the south (present-day Mozambique). Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia in both cases. Coastal East Africa encompasses a beautiful tapestry of land and seafrom mountains and grasslands to mangroves and fringing coral reefs. East Africa's Coral Refuge is a critical source of food and livelihoods for people all across Kenya and Tanzania. These resources must be managed sustainably to ensure their future. The largest numbers of Nilo-Saharan speakers belong to the Luo, Lango, Kalenjin, Maasai, and Karimojong peoples, while the principal Bantu-speaking ethnic groups are the Kikuyu, Chaga, and Kamba. We will try to find the right answer to this particular crossword clue. 2023 World Wildlife Fund. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2005, pp. (1999). During the following fifteen centuries, the Bantu slowly intensified farming and grazing over all suitable regions of East Africa, in the process making contact with Austronesian- and Arabic-speaking settlers on southern coastal areas. External trade was increasing: glass beads were being imported from India, and porcelains, transshipped either in India or in the Persian Gulf, were arriving from China. The Indian Ocean trade was conducted through the barter system but later coins were used as a medium of exchange. Such trade goods as they obtained from the interior were apparently bought by barter at the coast. Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing may account for as much as a third of total catches in some important fisheries in the region, and the capacity for local enforcement is severely lacking. East Africa Discover East Africa & the Indian Ocean Islands - Enjoy Breathtaking Scenery, Wonderful Plants & Trees, Countless Varieties of Birds & Abundant Wildlife East Africa is home to some of the continent's most famous sights, but also some of its least explored corners. The Agulhas Current(/ls/) is the western boundary currentof the southwest Indian Ocean. The French settled the largest island of the Indian Ocean (and the fourth-largest globally), Madagascar, along with a group of smaller islands nearby, namely Runion and the Comoros. The Dragonfly Sea, by Yvonne Adhiambo Owuor. For the entity known as (British) East Africa, see, Somaliland is not included in the United Nations geoscheme, as it is internationally. [51] The Swahili culture that emerged from these exchanges evinces many Arab and Islamic influences not seen in traditional Bantu culture, as do the many Afro-Arab members of the Bantu Swahili people. 110. The only island that is mentioned is Qanbalu, which appears to have been what is now Tanzanias Pemba Island. Through our involvement in the creation of local fishing associations, fishermen are recruited to monitor bycatch of turtles and dugongs and provide us with important data on population trends. The continent is almost centered over the equator stretching from the consistently warm waters of the Mediterranean in the north right down to the frigid South Atlantic in the south. An ever-growing population dependent on timber and fuel wood continues to put pressure on this dwindling natural resource. Some fishing practices are causing unacceptable amounts of bycatchthreatening shark, marine turtles and seabird populations. The trading ships made their way down the east coast of Africa stopping at towns to trade for African goods such as ivory, gold, myrrh to make a fine skin oil, animal skins, frankincense and ambergris used to make perfumes, and slaves. The park is Africas largest marine protected arearich with coral reefs, dugongs, dolphins, marine turtles, whales, sharks and hundreds of species of fish. People here depend on the regions natural resourcesclean freshwater, healthy forests and mangroves, and abundant fish and wildlife. The ocean's name, derived from Greek mythology, means the "Sea of Atlas." It is second in size to the Pacific Ocean. "The Early Iron Age on Mafia Island and its relationship with the mainland." Whales, dolphins, dugongs and whale sharks inhabit these Indian Ocean waters. Local communities need the ability to protect their resources against illegal activities. Women gathering sand oysters in Mozambique. Local communities play a critical role in management and patrolling of the area, and have established sanctuaries (no-fishing zones) that allow for the recovery of depleted fish stocks and corals. Though the straits were never completely closed, there may have been islands in between which could be reached using simple rafts. Turn-of-the-century maritime photographs, dhows off the east African coast Monsoon Dhows Sailors have harnessed the Indian Ocean's monsoon winds for at least two millennia. The Republic of Venice had gained control over much of the trade routes between Europe and Asia. Evidence was found in 2018, dating to about 320,000 years ago, at the Kenyan site of Olorgesailie, of the early emergence of modern behaviors associated with Homo sapiens, including: long-distance trade networks (involving goods such as obsidian), the use of pigments, and the possible making of projectile points. The visible mantle tissue is responsible for its colourful appearance, and it harbours large populations of single-celled photosynthetic algae or zooxanthellae. ~ Peet J. van Eeden. "The Egypto-Graeco-Romans and Paanchea/Azania: sailing in the Erythraean Sea." During the period of the Scramble for Africa, almost every country in the larger region to varying degrees became part of a European colonial empire. traverses the expanses of the Southern Ocean south of Africa, south of Australia, and the south Pacific. Lake Niassa is an important source of freshwater, home to over 1000 fish species and critical to the livelihoods of the people of Mozambique. NEW YORK -- News that Tanzania will revive a $10 billion port project in the town of Bagamoyo has ignited speculation that . The most important site of this period yet to have been found is at Manda, near Lamu, on the Kenyan coast. East Africa is a region that begins in Tanzania in the south and extends north through the great grasslands and scrub forest of the savannas of Kenya and Uganda and then across the highlands of Ethiopia, including the Great Rift Valley. Annual rainfall here ranges from over 1,600mm (63in) on the western slopes to around 1,250mm (49in) at Addis Ababa and 550mm (22in) at Asmara. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). (RSA) +27 (87) 551-8105 Similarly, a positive Indian Ocean Dipole result in warm sea-surface temperatures off the coast of East Africa and lead to increased rainfall over East Africa. Source: British Library. To comment on this story: Download our app here - it's a troll-free safe place . Rainfall variability is influenced by both El Nio events and a positive Indian Ocean Dipole. Coastal erosion threatens the nesting beaches of marine turtles and harms mangrove forestswhich are already being battered from increased storm surges, and vulnerable to future sea level rise. Coastal East Africa hosts the second largest population of savanna elephants in Africa. Various bodies of water surround Africa the Mediterranean Sea to the north, the Suez Canal and the Red Sea along the Sinai Peninsula to the northeast, the Indian Ocean to the east and southeast, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west and in these waters, you will find an array of dazzling lifeforms, from the smallest nudibranch to the impressive schools of fish that move through the water like a flock of red-billed queleas on the African plains. The major difference between conservation of the animals on the land and that of the sea is that 30 million people rely on the coastal reef ecosystems to subsist and sustain their livelihoods. In the Horn of Africa and Nile Valley, Afroasiatic languages predominate, including languages of the family's Cushitic (such as Beja, Oromo and Somali), Semitic (such as Amharic, Arabic and Tigrinya), and Omotic (such as Wolaytta) branches. From the base, several columns stretched up high into the water column. Safaris, discussions & donations that make a real difference in Africa. Lamu is one of the oldest Swahili settlements in East Africa. We facilitate ranger training and provide equipment. Author of, Distinguished Professor of History and African Studies, Michigan State University, East Lansing. Gujarati traders were already criss-crossing the ocean for biashara with the Swahili Coast of Eastern Africa. The inhabitants, whose main local currency was cowrie shells, traded with the peoples of the Persian Gulf and, by the early 11th century, had first come under Muslim influence. We hope to create an unprecedented data set that will be shared among NGOs, governments, universities and scientists in order to assess coral and fish population health, human usage, and fishing practices. [37][38][39], In September 2019, scientists reported the computerized determination, based on 260 CT scans, of a virtual skull shape of the last common human ancestor to modern humans/H. East Africa, Eastern Africa, or East of Africa, is the eastern subregion of the African continent. The east African island map will guide you through Madagascar which is situated off the coast of Mozambique. A whale shark swims with a diver off the coast of East Africa. South Sudanese independence was nearly derailed by the South Kordofan conflict, particularly a dispute over the status of the Abyei Area, and both Abyei and South Kordofan's Nuba Hills remained a source of tension between Juba and Khartoum as of 2011[update]. 2002. In and around Quirimbas National Park in northern Mozambique, we have worked with farmers to minimize physical confrontation with elephants, protect crop fields and save lives. Washington, DC 20037. Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt. Home to some of the most spectacular and treasured life, the oceans and seas surrounding Africa contain a multitude of creatures that thrive in the warm and cold currents that run along our continent. This current is generated because of upwelling of cold water near the west coast of Africa. Research has shown that most of the monster storms that hit the US and Canada start out as a distinct weather pattern in the atmosphere over western Africa, specifically a spot off the coast of the African Cape Verde islands.. These campaigns have led to arrests of poachers and seizures of weapons and illegal wildlife items, including ivory and rhino horn. Zanzibar is now a semi-autonomous state in a union with the mainland which is collectively and commonly referred to as Tanzania. West of the Rwenzoris and Ethiopian highlands, the rainfall pattern is more typically tropical, with rain throughout the year near the equator and a single wet season in most of the Ethiopian Highlands from June to September contracting to July and August around Asmara. Warming seawaters threaten the incredible diversity associated with the regions coral reefs, leading to die-offs from bleaching. After traditional land routes to India had been closed by the Ottoman Turks, Portugal hoped to use the sea route pioneered by da Gama to break the once Venetian trading monopoly. The three main colors of the African country were beige, red, and blue. The Atlantic is, generally speaking, S-shaped and narrow in relation . This warm water current runs south along the east coast of southern Africa from ~25S to 40S, and is the Western Boundary Current of the South Indian Ocean. Just off the coast of Kenya, it's a peaceful island, free of cars and surrounded by the Indian Ocean. East Coast ports have been undertaking more and more investments in recent years. WWF, in partnership with CARE, has worked to train local rangers to patrol nesting sites along these islands and marine turtle poaching has decreased significantly. [36], East Africa is one of the earliest regions where Homo sapiens are believed to have lived. (Translation by H. Frisk, 1927, with updates and improvements and detailed notes). The wildlife of East Africa is quite extraordinary, and a cruise can be easily combined with a Kenyan or Tanzanian safari. WWF works with local communities, governments and industry to create awareness and appreciation for the connection between nature and people. They are filter feeders by their specialised gills. Only with more knowledge can we hope to make informed decisions. WWF encourages the use of turtle excluder devices (TEDs) in shrimp trawlers, which allow marine turtles to escape from nets. [22] Elsewhere the annual rainfall generally increases towards the south and with altitude, being around 400mm (16in) at Mogadishu and 1,200mm (47in) at Mombasa on the coast, whilst inland it increases from around 130mm (5in) at Garoowe to over 1,100mm (43in) at Moshi near Kilimanjaro. WWFs goal is to have over 31 million acres of land in Tanzania managed in this way, which will help wildlife migration outside of protected areas. 10. There appears also to have been a rather extensive trade with the island of Madagascar. However, the official Omani Arab presence in Kenya was checked by German and British seizure of key ports and creation of crucial trade alliances with influential local leaders in the 1880s. Today, tourism is an important part of the economies of Kenya, Tanzania, Seychelles, and Uganda. They dubbed the part of the coast to which they sailed Azania, or the Land of Zanjby which they meant the land of the blacks and by which they knew it until the 10th century. The Periplus describes in some detail the shore of what was to become northern Somalia. Somaliland regions of Somalia, have also seen relative stability blue desert with its abundance! Will guide you through Madagascar which is situated off the coast of,. Park service staff control the coastal Ocean in Mozambique are a major nesting site several. Shores of south Africa troll-free safe place and seizures of weapons and illegal wildlife items, including ivory rhino. Illegal wildlife items, including ivory and slaves period yet to have been what is now Tanzanias Pemba Island,... Coastal areas, not the interior and 3000 years ago, Bantu-speaking peoples began a millennia-long series of eastward. 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