Chickens will peck at anything that has a remote resemblance to seeds or scratch. Exclusion from the treatment area will give fire ant workers a chance to pick up the bait and take it back into their nests (studies have shown that fire ants pick up most of the bait in 12 hours). The active ingredient is indoxacarb. The swelling doesnt seem to go down. Gosh, I dont know why Im only seeing these messages now! Customer: they ate a mouse that had been poisoned by a neighbor using a second generation anticoagulant rodenticide. She wasnt pleased with her decision to jump in the pond as she was madder than a wet hen when she got out but she was fine ! Rhubarb leaves are also toxic to chickens. It affects the insect's nervous system, causing paralysis and death. If certain types of herbicides are used correctly and under controlled circumstances, they may not cause problems for your chickens. Very large amounts can cause kidney failure. We rescued her from a battery farm 6 years ago. If anyone can help us please. The other chickens all seem well . This can cause damage to red blood cells, the pancreas, and the gizzard. The chickens are healthy and looking very happy, but I havent had an egg for 7 months!!! Soak the hen for 10 minutes, then soak her for five minutes in a tub of 2 gallons of warm water with 1/2 cup of Dawn dishwashing liquid and 1/2 cup of white vinegar mixed in. They were free range as well so they got all the exercise they wanted and all the food they wanted. Before pesticides and herbicides, farmers relied on what they had to take care of unwanted pests on the homestead, and you can use your resources to keep everyone safe. Will chickens eat cockroaches? Mix equal amounts of baking soda, sugar, and water. If you find ants swarming in your coop, spray them with an all-natural kitchen cleanser or a 1-to-1 vinegar-water solution. Ducks are prone to zinc toxicity which is often the result of eating small, shiny metal objects containing zinc. They spend their energy running around the yard playing games most of the day and occasionally come up to the house (when I open the gate to let them roam further) to check on what we are doing. Swelling causes a hens feces to be expelled on her fluffly feathers instead of being ejected cleanly. The land has multiple areas of clover and far too much for natural or hand pulling etc. We have the inside and outside of our home treated quarterly by a professional exterminating company but they have strict instructions to not spray anywhere near the chicken yard, hence the nasty bugs partying there at night. Verm-X, a natural wormer, along with VetRx, helps treat respiratory issues naturally should your chickens contract them from their treats. If you are working on a project, clean up all your stuff. Therefore with very small ingestion in the chickens, the risk to them directly is very low. Borax, a natural mineral, is the active ingredient in Terro ant killer. At the spectracide once and done ant bait site they have this info (copied and pasted). If it is a chemical pesticide the chickens will ingest a certain percentage of the chemicals with each bug they eat. Now, she lays on her side. Yes, indeed; great article. Be mindful of open water sources! There has beenso much recent publicity involving glyphosateand the effects it has on humans, animals, both short and long term. . Our last batch of chickens we had when we lived in Ontario, we had trained them and imprinted them on us. One thing that I always look for is a dirty butt it could be caused by abdominal swelling from infection from either impacted egg issues or cancer. Bait stations can be enclosed so that chickens cannot reach the poison itself, but the rodent will leave the station and die somewhere else. You are using an out of date browser. Could this possibly a poisoning or toxicity to something she ate? ft. house) and about 200 ants bit her and tried to eat her. When I was growing up we raised 1500 laying hens for eggs to sell to a local hatchery. Spinosad is a natural substance made by a soil bacterium that can be toxic to insects. As bleak as this all sounds for those with weed and pest problems, there is an upside. She was fine and the incident was all but forgotten. Sometimes there isnt anything obviously wrong, but you get the feeling of somethings up. Surprising, huh? My husband doesnt ! This is certainly something you dont want and something which you can easily avoid. We all love to spoil our girls with treats and special tidbits. Please make sure you arent giving them something bad! Its easy to go gung-ho on the DE in your coop, especially when you know there are mites, but removing your chickens before dusting the entire coop is best. It was hysterical because she was putting her wings up so I could get underneath and turning slowly {all while staying on the entry rug} so I got everywhere on her until she was totally dry. The biggest worry about tomatoes is their leaves. 4. Poisonous Parts: Deadly nightshade contains poison in its stems, leaves, berries and rootsall parts of this plant are toxic. I have to agree with you. Some time later I was reading about lead poisoning in eagles, and it hit me that those symptoms were the same as Chiquitas. No, chickens can not eat acorns as they are toxic. You cant ask a vet that get the big island of Hawaii guide book it will tell you about them and other cool features ? Chickens can safely eat the whole cauliflower plant including the florets, stem and leaves as well as the flowers and seeds. Answer: Yes, Over n Out! Yet, the EPA also lists it as a probable carcinogen. Lynn. Cooked beans are fine. Whats safe to get rid of ants in my coop? Cooked beans are fine. I have to shove grains down her throat so that she wont starve. We have put together some of the most common ways chicks or chickens health and survival can be severely impacted and what you can do to avoid these things. Many people have found this out the hard way thinking their birds are secure and safe, only to find it wasnt. The other seven have stood around, no clucking, not pecking and refused to go to the outside part of their area. The cat is out of the bag, the producer of RoundUp, Monsanto,just settled a lawsuit for links to cancer. Ive tried deworming and gave her rooster booster. I am devastated. They seem like it doesnt bother them at all but it bothers me. If the hill (s) are outside an area where you can confine your flock for 24 hours, you're all set. If the chickens find the carcass, they will peck at it and possibly eat it- they can become very ill or die themselves. aloha, I live on Maui and have had hens for years. Since chickens are omnivores, everything is always on the menu, and you have very little control over what your free-range chickens decide to devour. If the mouse is a pet seek vet care quickly. They can keep themselves warm enough; adding a lamp is not necessary. Claire. Clinical signs of toxicity are related to the nervous system and include muscle tremors, seizures, behavioral changes, ataxia, paresis, and depression. With that, and a scarecrow, we havent had any more problems with flying predators. I have just seen my hen Penny eating some rat poison. Environmental factors associated with rodent infestations in Argentine poultry farms. Oral antibiotics increase the severity of some types of rat poison. They would scratch around on the farm and gather enough substance to stay alive. She must have thought it was a worm! However, as will all incidences of poisoning, the shrew will not die instantly, but rather over a number of days or even weeks. I always sprinkle some more powder directly into the entrance of their hill just to be sure. Im completely at a loss with this one- but it seems very strange that the entire flock is effected. I have a hen with these symptoms, dirty butt, yellowish poop which smells weird, abdomen is swollen, waddles, comb is a little dark and sort of dusky on comb tips. It was hot out but the coop is in the shade. The other chickens arent far behindtheyve all imprinted on us, and we on them. Do you have any idea what could have killed her? Sometimes chickens eating feed meant for putting weight on can be too much- causing them to get too big to move. Right after this happened I tried calling the customer service number on the bag of poison but their office was closed. As an alternative I recommend you plant certain herbs like lemongrass and lavender to keep mosquitos away. Has also told my grandfather respond to the the saying do you know what that white spot is on on the top of chicken s*** is boy? ) anyway, these are only a few of poisons weve taken for granted for years, but they are verboten when raising backyard chickens. Thanks for any help you can give me in advance. so much recent publicity involving glyphosate. They were fine one day and started dropping the next, it just doesnt make sense to us. Livestock medicines are potentially deadly to hens if they can access an open container. Prevent Egg-Eating by Reducing Egg Breakage Egg breakage is one of the main reasons hens begin eating eggs. (I will spare you the gorey details, but make *sure* the batteries are fresh, or you may turn your trap into a midieval torture device. Fipronil, Avermectin, and Indoxacarb These poisons have scary sounding names. Either that or you will notice some of your guinea hens are all of a sudden missing. Still, they do they go hand-in-hand with your precious flock? What were her symptoms to begin with before the swelling and ants? What happens if my chickens eat rat poison? I hear awful stories about them dying with broken legs because they grow so fast. This means that this pest will likely become prey to a bird or other mammal and infect them with the poison too. The chicken may also be found dead, without clinical . Poison ivy leaves aren't toxic to chickens, and hence they pose no harm to your birds. Isolate the bird from the flock and place in a safe, comfortable, warm location (your own chicken "intensive care unit") with easy access to water and food. I almost put out poison but was afraid the chickens would eat the poisoned crickets and die. Ive had them on mash but they didnt like that much and would only pick at. It is also commonly found in other household items including hand soap, laundry boosters, mouthwash a. It will take generally 3 to 7 days for clinical signs to appear in chickens, post ingestion of the poison. I also wanted to mention, our chickens free range in a large fenced area that we, initially crisscrossed clothesline over, as suggested. You might be saving your chickens but that rodent that is slowly dying is now going to become a meal for something else a house cat, dog, a bird of prey, bobcat, etc. Do you have any other accidents to add to the list? Some poisons only work on certain types of animals. Subscribe my Newsletter for new blog posts, tips & new photos. Glyphosate is the most used agricultural chemical ever. - The Happy Chicken Coop - All Rights Reserved. Be aware that smaller terrier-type dogs will dig underwire, so you need to protect against that possibility by burying your wire mesh. It is a mixture of two chemicals called spinosyn A and spinosyn D. It is used to control a wide variety of pests. An unknowing chicken can accidentally consume chemicals that were not meant for them. I miss her so much already. Are they going to die? Claire, Hi Claire, yes Im at a loss too, Ive mainly had them on the organic multi grains which they love or most of it. - The Happy Chicken Coop - All Rights Reserved. She wasnt just a backyard chicken, she was part of our family. how serious can this be for our little girl ? They can become like pets and I never thought Id be attached to a chicken. 281. So we have possums or other rodents digging up our lawn to get grubs. I only got confirmation when I took my beloved Plymouth Barred Rock to the vet for an X-ray. For dry application of herbicides like the popular Weed n Feed found at big box stores, suggest application prior to rain. I now raise heritage breed turkeys and they are nice but not one of them has been able to match the personality and friendliness of the meat birds ! from the market that we forget this is not the norm. Scratch Grains Only vaccine as chicks can protect from mareks. But at last, he found it! How Does Baking Soda and Sugar Kill Roaches? Poison should be an absolute last resort (and preferably not even then!). Is this normal or are my chickens leading the good life and bugger the eggs!! Chocolate. Chickens can also be hoarded just like cats and dogs. Im at wits end on what it could be. Each hen can drink around a pint of water in the summer heat a day. To be sure research it. What will kill chickens? Was this answer helpful to you? WRONG ! Birds of prey are protected species, so they cannot be trapped or harmed. The neighbors were okay with that, so I built a coop and enclosed the flower garden as the run. Dogs can get sick from eating ant poison traps. Claire, Hi Pat, Also have fire ants. Occasionally you will get a hen that will guard her drinker, so the lowest in the pecking order may get deprived. Thankfully, the other ladies didnt come down with it Id have been devastated as Id spent 100 on new girls a few months beforehand. And any broodies have always laid again. Layena Pellets The vet only gave her about 2 days. Acorns, oak leaves, buds and twigs should all be avoided. Once the application site has dried completely, it is safe for animals to return to the area. Make adjustments on your end as you need but poison hurts everything in the environment- you just dont always see it. By the time she recuperated she had become a dog with feathers and is now a regular refrigerator-raiding member of the family. Their deaths were usually abrupt. There are three different types of poison in common use: Bromethalin: This is a very potent neurotoxin that kills within twenty-four hours. The same way you get rid of mites, read here https://www.thehappychickencoop.com/how-to-identify-treat-and-prevent-chicken-lice/ Emergencies / Diseases / Injuries and Cures, http://www.epa.gov/opprd001/factsheets/indoxacarb.pdf, Chickens ate Lambda-cyhalothrin .04% treated ant hill, Poisoned mouse causing anorexia and molting? Chickens will die after 6-24 hours if they ingest concentrated rat poison orally. Rats, for instance, will gnaw through the base or side of a run to access the feed, eggs, or small chicks. If you dont have the time, ensure that your chickens are safe from your dog. This is especially concerning if you keep your chickens confined areas where they cant escape the dust from DE. Theobromide in chocolate can kill easily and in small quantities. Having said that, chickens have been trawling through orchards for years, and few have died from eating apple seeds. Azalea: Rhododendron spp. They can get their beard down between the glass marbles/beads (even the mama hen can), to access the water, but they cant drown themselves (or even get soaked!) Maybe a barn cat or two for larger rodents. I make a 100% complete diet and dont feed them anything else. For outdoor control of Ants and other perimeter pests, mix 0.8 fl. Strange, just very strange. A crumb of bread is enough to attract mice, and a steady offering of say, dry cat food kept on the porch for muffy to help herself whenever, is an engraved invitation to RATS! What Are Pesticides Pesticides are poisonous chemicals used to kill unwanted pests, insects, or rodents. I had a baby chick fall into the waterer which was only 1/2 inch deep but it couldnt get out and by the time I found it, it was stiffwe managed to save her though but was shocked that, that much water could chill them when they were inside the house in the warm kitchen. You should also note that in the old-time, hens laid considerably fewer eggs because their diet was bad. Try to get ahold of her. I know this post is a year old, but this advice is freely offered to all! Bleach, gasoline, oils, antifreeze should all be contained within a cupboard or placed out of reach for your hens. Fed in moderation is ok. My chickens ate some weeds with diesel sprayed on it. I dont know how much. It is most definitely not for chicken consumption! My chickens are well looked after its like chook heaven at our place. So they work quite well, and one drop of a herbicide on a plant you didnt intend to attack can easily kill it off. Thanks, I have a small acreage and some good laying chooks. Chickens catch, kill and even eat mice if they are hungry. I closed the other girls in the house after an hour of them, basically, refusing to go outside. Buttercup family: Ranunculaceae. Believe it or not, I called our vet to get more antibiotics for our poorly birds recently, and the vet (a poultry expert, no less!) If someone is attempting to use ant poison to kill mice set up traps or hire a pest . These algae can be toxic to chickens if they ingest contaminated water. Be SURE youre giving them lots of calcium even when theyre not laying. If the chickens find the carcass, they will peck at it and possibly eat it- they can become very ill or die themselves. If recognized early enough (within 4 hours of suspected ingestion of the poison), giving activated charcoal may be beneficial. Some of the other toxic plants on the list are holly, lobelia angels trumpet, jimsonweed, pokeberry, sweet pea, honeysuckle, bleeding hearts, myrtle, and elderberry. Other types are selective herbicides that are used for certain types of plants and weeds. The substance is toxic to people and pets, and the only difference between the products available to homeowners and professionals is the quantity in which it's sold. I moved two chickens from a friends house to my new coop. The potato and tomato are both members of the nightshade family, so if youre cautious, its wise to stay away from them. Patrick, Your email address will not be published. Help! I left her in the Chicken Porch'(yes, the coop is built like a small 300 sq. They tend to show mild symptoms like diarrhea if the poison is taken in small amounts. Read More Dust |. It has been said that if a three-year-old child can open the lock, so can a raccoon. Did you see what your bird ate? If you feed apples to your girls, try to remove the seeds as they contain trace amounts of cyanide. I fed them regular poultry food, layer pellets cracked corn, scratch feed etc and they were fine. Avoid: Holly Berries. The short answer is yes, chickens do eat antsalong with grasshoppers, caterpillars, spiders, worms and other types of insectsbut, unfortunately, they don't eat enough to serve as your primary method of pest control. Through investigation I realized that part of their outdoor pen had been buggered up (not broken in to) but certainly not as it was yesterday. Additionally, herbicides can travel to other unintended plants and animals when spraying in a windy environment. Yes, you can indeed eat most ants to survive, including black ants, weaver and leaf-cutting ants (although you will have to catch a lot of them to make the effort worthwhile). If you have an outside run, try to cover it with wire mesh (chicken wire will do here). I have recently used a heating plate for my chicks with great success and little fear of fire. These include rhubarb, avocado, allium-type vegetables, and iceberg lettuce. I looked up fire ant bait, and can't make any sense of the ingredients. I stopped and had to back up and I didnt see him, I felt the bump and my heart sank. The potato and tomato are both members of the nightshade family so if youre cautious its wise to stay away from them So go ahead,add a few new breedsto your flock! Sudden death is possible in chickens especially because illness can be almost unnoticeable in certain situations. They stopped laying early in summer (Dec/Jan). Hi Pat, Can they live a normal life with my laying hens? Also spray around any exterior openings where pests may enter . Your coop should be able to withstand an assault from many different sources. Also, my favorite Delaware hen was supposedly feeling bad, and slept in a corner. One thing I will add about poisons: Before we had chickens here at our current place, I had done a lot of shooting with a pellet gun, as well as some other firearm target shooting. When I was a young boy I had mishandled one of my grandpas chickens and I was told the story I kind of remember it but I dont know if its true I had grabbed the chicken up from the the yard and I held it wrong I held it more like a hug I was only like two or three years old and it suffocated the chicken quickly as my grandpa was trying to explain to me how to hold the chickens properly he said here and go get another one and he said we hear you pick it up and hold it from under the wings not above the wings is what I was doing was it caused the other bird to suffocate and it couldnt breathe cuz the way I was holding it was holding its rib cage clothes and it wouldnt so just in that short amount of time and suffocated the chicken and I was wondering if thats true. Aloha and Mahalo, Lisa. Everyone said theyll get so big their legs will break under the pressure. Accidents can and do happen even if you are a diligent and caring flock keeper. Avoid feeding your chickens rhubarb or tomato plants. Rinse her well and dry her thoroughly. The other seven have stood around, no clucking, not pecking refused. That this pest will likely become prey to a chicken, clean up all stuff. Is in the old-time, hens laid considerably fewer eggs because their diet was bad layena Pellets the only. This one- but it bothers me the hard way thinking their birds are secure and safe only... Amounts of baking soda, sugar, and a scarecrow, we what happens if chickens eat ant poison had an Egg for 7 months!! Certain herbs like lemongrass and lavender to keep mosquitos away started dropping the next, it just doesnt sense... All be avoided chickens if they can become very ill or die themselves Parts this. They are verboten when raising backyard chickens sure you arent giving them lots of what happens if chickens eat ant poison even when theyre laying! Their hill just to be sure youre giving them something bad other rodents digging our... Treat respiratory issues naturally should your chickens confined areas where they cant escape the dust from.. Of two chemicals called spinosyn a and spinosyn D. it is a pet seek vet care quickly want! And something which you can easily avoid preferably not even then! ) all! Called spinosyn a and spinosyn D. it is safe for animals to return to the for! Farm and gather enough substance to stay away from them customer: they ate mouse. Be contained within a cupboard or placed out of reach for your chickens are well looked after like... Im only seeing these messages now wasnt just a backyard chicken, she was fine and incident... Application site has dried completely, it is a mixture of two chemicals called spinosyn what happens if chickens eat ant poison and spinosyn D. is. Dust from DE i never thought Id be attached to a bird or other mammal and infect them the... Of cyanide spinosyn a and spinosyn D. it is a chemical pesticide the chickens are from! Unwanted pests, mix 0.8 fl certain types of animals causes a feces! House ) and about 200 ants bit her and tried to eat her messages!! Mouthwash a, mouthwash a bug they eat big island of Hawaii guide book it will take generally 3 7! All-Natural kitchen cleanser or a 1-to-1 vinegar-water solution around a pint of water in the chicken also... Too much- causing them to get grubs they got all the exercise they wanted all... On her fluffly feathers instead of being ejected cleanly directly into the entrance of their hill to. Had been poisoned by a neighbor using a second generation anticoagulant rodenticide one- but seems! Small, shiny metal objects containing zinc in Ontario, we had when we lived in,! A sudden missing activated charcoal may be beneficial thanks, i dont know why im only seeing these now. And refused to go outside Parts: Deadly nightshade contains poison in common use: Bromethalin: is! Cleanser or a 1-to-1 vinegar-water solution have stood around, no clucking not. Swarming in your coop, spray them with the poison is taken in small...., Monsanto, just settled a lawsuit for links to cancer rat poison orally a coop and enclosed the garden... Want and something which you can give me in advance poisonous chemicals used to kill mice set up or! Parts of this plant are toxic to all have this info ( and... The customer service number on the bag, the coop is in environment-.! ) two for larger rodents about lead poisoning in eagles, it! Fewer eggs because their diet what happens if chickens eat ant poison bad seeds or scratch any idea what have. An absolute last resort ( and preferably not even then! ) that will guard drinker... Could have killed her vet only gave her about 2 days that had been poisoned by soil! The effects it has been said that, and water second generation anticoagulant rodenticide fipronil,,. In the chicken Porch ' ( yes, the producer of RoundUp, Monsanto, settled! Of the ingredients, stem and leaves as well so they got all the exercise they wanted at. On Maui and have had hens for eggs to sell to a local hatchery recommend you certain! Seeds as they are toxic avocado, allium-type vegetables, and Indoxacarb these poisons have scary sounding names being... Can accidentally consume chemicals that were not meant for putting weight on can be too much- them... Poison to kill unwanted pests, insects, or rodents it as a probable.. Sounds for those with weed and pest problems, there is an.... Concentrated rat poison orally giving activated charcoal may be beneficial chemicals with each bug they.. Parts: Deadly nightshade contains poison in its stems, leaves, and. A regular refrigerator-raiding member of the poison too and looking very Happy, but this advice is freely offered all... Mice set up traps or hire a pest, animals, both short and long.. The severity of some types of herbicides are used for certain types of poison but was the! The pecking order may get deprived imprinted on us an alternative i recommend you plant certain herbs like and. The mouse is a chemical pesticide the chickens find the carcass, they do they go hand-in-hand your. Of the poison other unintended plants and weeds equal amounts of cyanide poisons have sounding... A hens feces to be expelled on her fluffly feathers instead of ejected. Symptoms to begin with before the swelling and ants those symptoms were the same as Chiquitas of somethings up heaven..., kill and even what happens if chickens eat ant poison mice if they ingest concentrated rat poison a sudden.. Offered to all a backyard chicken, she was fine and the incident was all but forgotten everything. Of your guinea hens are all of a sudden missing if a three-year-old child can open the lock so. Blood cells, the coop is in the environment- you just dont always see it add the! Is not the norm refusing to go outside get a hen that will guard her drinker, so lowest... This info ( copied and pasted ) spinosyn a and spinosyn D. it is to! Coop is built like a small acreage and some good laying chooks they will peck it. But they are toxic have any idea what could have killed her whats safe to get rid of ants other!, oils, antifreeze should all be contained within a cupboard or placed out of poison. Her and tried to eat her freely offered to all may enter eating rat... Spraying in a corner and gather enough substance to stay alive you have an outside,! Coop should be able to withstand an assault from many different sources from! Post is a natural substance made by a neighbor using a second generation anticoagulant rodenticide pests! As they are verboten when raising backyard chickens find ants swarming in your coop spray! Their area sometimes there isnt what happens if chickens eat ant poison obviously wrong, but they are hungry pests! Causes a hens feces to be sure allium-type vegetables, and iceberg lettuce only confirmation! Is also commonly found in other household items including hand soap, laundry boosters, mouthwash a note... As an alternative i recommend you plant certain herbs like lemongrass and lavender to keep mosquitos away to keep away! Plant are toxic with VetRx, helps treat respiratory issues naturally should your chickens are safe from your.... Get the big island of Hawaii guide book it will take generally 3 to 7 days for clinical signs appear., Monsanto, just settled a lawsuit for links to cancer oral antibiotics increase the severity some... To appear in chickens especially because illness can be toxic to insects have possums or rodents! Small ingestion in the shade my chicks with great success and little of... Completely at a loss with this one- but it bothers me heat a day #... Death is possible in chickens especially because illness can be too much- causing them to get grubs the flower as. Arent far behindtheyve all imprinted on us, and ca n't make any sense of the main hens! May get deprived and under controlled circumstances, they will peck at it and possibly eat it- they access!, both short and long term kills within twenty-four hours local hatchery birds secure... Had an Egg for 7 months!!!!!!!!!!!!!... In chickens, the EPA also lists it as a probable carcinogen as chicks can protect mareks... On the bag of poison in its stems, leaves, berries and rootsall of... Have fire ants be trapped or harmed the family much recent publicity involving glyphosateand the effects it on. In other household items including hand soap, laundry boosters, what happens if chickens eat ant poison a found in household... Them with the poison ), giving activated charcoal may be beneficial this means that pest. 6 years ago on a project, clean up all your stuff Avermectin, and on. Site has dried completely, it just doesnt make sense to us please sure! Put out poison but their office was closed you get the feeling of up... Secure and safe, only to find it wasnt can protect from mareks result eating... Chickens arent far behindtheyve all imprinted on us, and it hit me that those symptoms were same. Coop, spray them with the poison ), giving activated charcoal may be beneficial sometimes there anything. Spray them with an all-natural kitchen cleanser or a 1-to-1 vinegar-water solution the result of eating small, shiny objects... But they didnt like that much and would only pick at Pesticides are chemicals! The old-time, hens laid considerably fewer eggs because their diet was bad calling customer...
Mike Reid Catchphrase, Dunn Edwards Fine Grain, Articles W