secret underground prisons in americasecret underground prisons in america
I was able to visit Daniel McGowan in the CMU, making me the first and only journalist to visit the facility. We do not have to have them as restricted, but we want to control their communications, he said. Village head Vladimir Sidorenko. One such place is Camp 7, which was built in a hidden location, away from the main prison. United States Penitentiary Marion. She is the wife of Jang Song Taek and was taken to the Resort after her husband was executed in December 2013.[4]. As the New York Times noted, the Justice Department has prohibited officials from the government agencies that possess it from even opening the report, effectively keeping the people in charge of Americas counterterrorism future from reading about its past.. Six of the containers were intended as cells in which people could be tied up and one container was intended as a torture chamber, said Andy Kraag, head of the polices National Investigation Service. The report continued to state that the site was used to interrogate Al-Qaeda suspects who had been captured in Afghanistan. How does a momentous decision like this come about? In each instance, the Bureau of Prisons sought and received from federal judges the prompt dismissal of those cases long before trial. another Russian news website, Podyom, that the Investigative Committee had uncovered the secret prison three years ago. If mental illness is detected, prison officials will either transfer the prisoner to a more suitable facility or treat the prisoner at ADX-Florence if his security needs cannot be managed anywhere else in the federal prison system. And thanks to the litigation there already are two new mental health units at federal prisons in Atlanta and Allenwood, Pennsylvania. The argument was not supported by facts, because it was incredibly difficult to learn the details of these prison units. In exchange, the CIA gave the terrorists millions of dollars in payment. They were ordered held for 90 days as investigations continue. Secret messages have been sent for thousands of years. Secret prisons arent only housed within the United States. A report by the US Senate revealed that the CIA knew Morocco was torturing prisoners at the facility. A 6,700-page government report details the scope of these operations and the CIAs use of torture. After he testified about what he saw, he began to get threats from other prisoners. The Guardian also stated that the United States previously admitted that the USS Bataan and the USS Peleliu were also used as prison ships between 2001 and 2002. Shakira Martinez was sentenced for money laundering, conspiracy to commit money laundering, and structuring bank transactions following a jury verdict in July 2022. Rafael Cancel Miranda was an influential figure in the Puerto Rican independence movement. There will be a screening before an inmate is transferred there, another when the inmate arrives, and another after the prisoner has been there a while. Local residents in the Leningrad region village of Agalatovskoye 44 kilometers north of St. Petersburg told the outlet that Russias Investigative Committee had worked at the site in 2020. He has been a guest speaker on numerous national radio and television stations and is a five time published author. The prison was designed to hold the worst of the worst offenders in America, men who for one reason or another could not be kept confined in more traditional cells or cell blocks. Many Americans I speak with dont believe this could possibly be true, and think that such human rights abuses only occur in foreign countries. Morocco denies all accusations of torture.[6]. Video released by the police showed heavily armed officers blasting open a door at the warehouse, then opening the containers one by one. In the typical settlement it is clear that all sides agree on particular terms. Thanks for contacting us. It claimed Camp 7 was originally constructed as a temporary structure and asked Congress for $49 million and $69 million to work on its drainage and foundation. Politie Landelijke Eenheid/Handout via Reuters, Politie Landelijke Eenheid/Handout via ReutersTERS, 2023 NYP Holdings, Inc. All Rights Reserved, Climate protester glues his head to 'Girl with a Pearl Earring', Dutch princess moved from student housing to palace over security concerns, crime gang threats, Three Dutch soldiers shot and wounded outside Indianapolis hotel, Destroyed Dutch building wasnt factory owned by Bill Gates. Do clownfish have a skeleton or exoskeleton. But from the proposed settlement document filed with the court last month the terms of which were initially approved by the judge we can glean a sense of the struggle it took. These messages were so small shrunk up to 200 times most of the time you had to know about them before you could find them. The fact that these facilities do not officially exist means they are well-protected from the prying eyes of human rights agencies and the courts. Abroad, the CIA has operated black sites facilities that were used to interrogate and torture people outside the scope of the American judicial system. After the discovery gained traction in Russian media and nearby residents traveled to visit it, Podyom reported Monday that the entire facility was bulldozed at the Investigative Committees request. Barrington Parker, the judge in this case, said that the prison units were illegal because they disproportionately punished political dissidents. These locations, according to the reports, are secret prisons used to house ghost prisoners. Those sent to these places are held captive without being charged with any crime and are not allowed any form of legal defense. The litigation itself cost millions of dollars, both in attorneys fees and costs paid to experts money the plaintiffs attorneys are asking the judge to make the government pay as part of the settlement. However, all agree that it is in Thailand, even though the CIA and the Thai government deny its existence. Some simply mutilated themselves, cutting off parts of their body, or lived for months in their own waste. The report also stated that the site had been used as recently as 2012 by the Obama administration, despite President Obama signing an executive order in 2009 banning the use of black sites by the CIA. The Red Cross was allowed in, on the condition that it never publicly speak about what it saw. Two years later, they opened another in Marion, Illinois. Camp 7 was home to 15 prisoners the CIA considered high value detainees. One was Khalid Sheik Mohammed, who is fingered as the mastermind of the September 11 attacks. The alleged goal of the DST torturers was to extract confessions or information from detainees or to have them sign or thumbprint statements (the content of which the detainee may have no knowledge). And none of the attorneys or experts on either side would talk with me about the particulars of the deal on or off the record unless and until Judge Matsch signs off on it, which they hope he will do after a hearing late next week. Video shared by the citys 47news.ru outlet showed two prison cells with bunk beds and toilets in the cottages flooded basement. The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. The sign wasn't recognized by the North Koreans so the message went right over their heads. These units were opened. Why are professional headshots important? The practice dates back to ancient Greeks tattooing a servant's head to a modern-day employee stealing corporate secrets. The problems identified in the lawsuit reflect a culture of indifference. Thailand denies the existence of any black sites in its territory, despite multiple reports describing the mysterious Detention Site Green and hinting that it may be located just outside of Bangkok or somewhere in the northern province of Udon Thani. More recently, prisoners and employees have tried to break rules and laws and even put out hits on staff by sending secret messages. When the pair were caught and their houses were searched, the police found a lemon filled with holes as well as a pen nib ruined by citric acid. This notion of a parallel legal system has crept into local law enforcement as well. The only way for Mr. Colon and Ms. Martinez to reap the fruits of Colons drug crimes and amass a real estate empire was through their money laundering scheme.. The US military denied all accusations of psychological torture and claimed Shibh was just hearing things. When you go in, no one knows whats happened to you.. UC Berkeley students plan to skirt ICE rules with fake cou 11-year-old reads aloud from 'pornographic' book he checked out from library at school board meeting, Influencer refuses to switch business class seats so family can sit together, Family raises 250-pound 'dog' for 2 years then realizes it's a bear, RHOA star Drew Sidora accuses ex Ralph Pittman of cheating, mental abuse, Original Gone With The Wind script reveals secret war over slavery, cut scenes, Drake regrets disrupting someones life by name-dropping exes in his songs, Good luck 'worming' your way out of this one, Sunny Hostin Points Finger at China for COVID Crisis: Did Not Cooperate With the International Community, 'Disgraceful' Meghan, Harry 'provoked' King Charles to evict them: royal expert. Unofficially, according to a 2014 report from Al Jazeera America, Djiboutis Camp Lemonnier is also a CIA black site that saw dozens of suspects secretly detained, interrogated, and tortured. Their findings were that, although human rights had generally improved in Morocco over recent years, there was also an increase in reported torture cases in the North African nation. What are the advantages and disadvantages of video capture hardware? Village head Vladimir Sidorenko told another Russian news website, Podyom, that the Investigative Committee had uncovered the secret prison three years ago. There are underground secret prisons that the government isn't When prisoners protested the beating of a fellow inmate in 1973 by organizing a work stoppage, prison officials created an even more extreme program at Marion called the Control Unit. He received a paltry 100 hryvnias ($3.80) as compensation, and he and other detainees were threatened never to disclose their experiences to anyone. Powers bit off his own pinkie, and still officials at ADX-Florence failed or refused to get him the help he needed. His trouble started when he saw three inmates kill another. Men like Richie Hill, who spent the better part of six years at ADX-Florence languishing in his own feces. Ghost prisoners are subject to what the CIA calls enhanced interrogation tactics; most others call it torture. The black jails are independent secret prisons illegally operated by various Chinese provinces and local governments. Another, Oussama Boutahar, who fought with a Bosnia-based Islamist militia group in the 1990s and in 2003, said the Moroccans told him they were torturing him because the Americans told them to. Congress is also said to be aware that some of the prisoners held there are innocent. Secret prisons are operating in the United States today. According to a release the government noted at the sentencing hearing, the success of Colons drug empire would not have been possible without Martinezs money laundering and structuring crimes.. It was simple work, like a hole made by a dropped stitch signifying that a train had passed, or a purl stitch, which created a bump, meant another type of train had been by. Investigative journalist Will Potter is the only reporter who has been inside a Communications Management Unit, or CMU, within a US prison. Wilkerson stated that this was done by the CIA in the immediate aftermath of 9/11. The purpose of these conditions, according to a report by Dr. Richard Korn for the ACLU, was to reduce prisoners to a state of submission essential for ideological conversion. The Lexington HSU was closed in 1988 after protest by Amnesty International, the ACLU, the Center for Constitutional Rights and religious groups. The program was not a total success. These secret prisons, dotted all over the world, might just be the most terrifying places on Earth. The former employee Xiaoqing Zheng was charged and later found guilty of conspiracy to commit espionage. In 2004, Amnesty International alleged that the DST is a recurrent and flagrant abuser of human rights and that many of these offenses have occurred at Temara. It also means those inmates who need the help are more likely to get it because the prisons mental health staff has more than doubled in size since the litigation began. With about 1 in every 107 Americans serving time, why are there more people incarcerated in the United States than any where else in the world? We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. He was not allowed to see his children. usa is not underground,but some cities ,hotels,etc are underground. It also housed some of the most controversial political prisoners of the era. Humans have had a long history with sending secret messages. However, the CIA soon turned it into a prison. The Resort is the Penny Lane of North Korea. Tim Bissell is a writer and researcher who works in the Canadian television industry. The outlets video showed a dilapidated wooden structure next to a large pit that had construction materials surrounding it. Camp 7 was so carefully hidden that no one knew of its existence for two years after it opened in 2006. The true challenge, though, is for Americans to shed this skin of exceptionalism we have worn, acknowledge that we, too, are vulnerable, and confront what is happening right now, at home. This benign characterization of these prisons is a chilling reflection of how, bit by bit, year by year, post-9/11 rhetoric of terrorism and national security have swelled into a form most Americans think can only occur in other countries. When its existence was revealed, journalists were not allowed to visit. The communique described the detention of 23 Iraqi and Afghan captives at the airport. He was taken to a hospital, where he underwent surgery to remove the damaged kidney before he was returned to the prison. According to The Guardian, in 2009, the CIA themselves confirmed that they had destroyed 92 tapes of interviews with terror suspects which were filmed somewhere in Thailand. Only when he was transferred to another federal prison, one specializing in mental health care, would he begin to recover. 47news.ru said its crew visited the bunker after being tipped off about its existence by some migrant who may have been pilfering the remaining goods but couldnt keep what he saw to himself.. Access your favorite topics in a personalized feed while you're on the go. In 2014, the US government declassified a US Senate Report on the CIAs Detention and Interrogation Program. These units were opened secretly, and radically alter how prisoners are treated even preventing them from hugging their children. Although the UK has long claimed that ghost prisoners havent been held at Diego Garcia, in a 2015 interview with Vice News, Lawrence Wilkerson (US Secretary of State Colin Powells former chief of staff) revealed that terrorism suspects were abducted and brought to the ocean base for special interrogations. if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'delawarebusinessnow_com-medrectangle-4','ezslot_1',122,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-delawarebusinessnow_com-medrectangle-4-0'); According to court records, between 2009 and 2017, Martinez and Colon laundered nearly a million dollars in drug proceeds through the purchase of real estate properties in Delaware and Pennsylvania using their company, Zemi Property Management. The complaint, crafted by Ed Aro, a partner at the Arnold & Porter law firm, was remarkable not just for the level of detail it alleged but for the scope of the problem it described. Zubaydah was reportedly waterboarded so severely that bubbles would rise out of his open mouth. Police arrested six men on suspicion of kidnapping and hostage-taking in connection to the underground prison. The UN considered evidence presented by the Moroccan government as well as by Amnesty International. Top editors give you the stories you want delivered right to your inbox each weekday. Leading up to the internment, the government had begun using a Custodial Detention Index to identify and surveil political activists, including those in the Japanese community. No! Strong team spirit, including ability to organize work according to needs and requirements of multiple team members and stakeholders? The DEA Philadelphia Division and the Internal Revenue Service, Criminal Investigations investigated this case. The Germans used a mixture of powdered aspirin and water. In the 1960s and 1970s, the UK deported the native people of the atoll to Mauritius and the Seychelles in order to allow the United States to construct a large naval and military base now known as Camp Thunder Cove. Invisible ink is one of the most popular methods, created using various substances like milk, lemon juice, or urine. The CIA complained to the Moroccan intelligence agency, but the complaint only destroyed the relationship between the CIA and the Moroccan government. Most of those prisoners were misdiagnosed when they arrived and then were mistreated or simply not treated at all for their medical conditions. Unlike at the police precinct, no one is booked and charged here, and lawyers are turned away at the door. After the discovery gained traction in Russian media and nearby residents traveled to visit it, Podyom reported Monday that the entire facility was. She would then hang a number of pieces in a certain order and that order told whoever was watching where they were going to meet. Kim Song Ae is one of the people suspected of being held at the Resort. Donations from readers like you are essential to sustaining this work. Zakaria Moumni, a French-Moroccan citizen who was held there for four days for political reasons, said his Moroccan interrogators told him he was in a slaughterhouse and would leave in pieces. In 1996, during a state trial in which he was representing himself, he stabbed a witness in open court. Its a domestic black site. It is unlikely that the new administration would scuttle a deal that in some ways already is being implemented. A magistrate judge coordinated many of these efforts and last month, after a period of unusual progress, the parties told the judge in a detailed filing that they had reached a comprehensive settlement. It was an island far removed from public oversight, both geographically and politically. Former inmate, Go inside the maximum-security world of America's "secret prisons" and unveil their hidden agendas and covert operations. How many US prisons are overcrowded? If there is one thing that should be learned from history, from governments that have gone down this path, it is this: secretive prisons for second-tier terrorists are often followed by secretive prisons for third-tier terrorists and fourth-tier terrorists, until one by one, brick by brick, the legal wall separating terrorist from dissident or undesirable has crumbled. The report also claimed that Site Green was somewhat of an experiment, where the CIA honed their waterboarding and other enhanced interrogation techniques, which would later be used at the larger European sites which the agency would go on to construct. This culminated in him losing a kidney. This pattern is easier to identify when it occurs elsewhere or in history books. In 2014, former Polish President Alexander Kwasniewski confirmed that he had made agreements with the United States to allow the CIA to operate black sites in Poland during his time in office between 1995 and 2005. It brings to mind the interrogation facilities they use in the Middle East, said arrestee Brian Jacob Church, one of the so-called NATO 3 arrested in the leadup to mass protests in Chicago in 2012, who spent 17 hours in the facility. Clearly, such an outrage needs to be exposed and immediately stopped, since there is . According to his letter, he had a method for his correspondence. What are the disadvantages of shielding a thermometer? Also called Detention Site Green, Cats Eye was a secret CIA prison in Thailand. Its cells are small and without windows or toilets. It is not located on a remote island, either, but close to a town called Hyanghari, just 50 kilometers (30 mi) away from the Chinese border. The CIA did not return his body to his family or inform them of his death.[1]. The US Central Intelligence Agency has, according to multiple investigative reports from both mainstream media outlets and human rights organizations, operated numerous black sites across the world. Some of the terrorists rejoined their cells and never reported back to the CIA. Diego Garcia is an atoll in the Indian Ocean located around 1,600 kilometers (1,000 mi) south of India and 3,200 kilometers (2,000 mi) east of Tanzania. The U.S. Penitentiary in Marion, Illinois opened in 1963 . It reportedly drove several prisoners insane. To end the recurring wars, Russia granted it autonomy. Abu was heavily tortured at the prison. In 2012, The Daily Beast described the Salt Pit as the CIAs Sadistic Dungeon in an article that examined a high-profile death which occurred at the site. It isnt easy. Sources: Science History, National Geographic. The Drug Enforcement Administration later discovered a secret underground bunker beneath Colon and Martinezs residence, accessed by a tunnel behind a false fireplace. Djibouti is a highly strategic location for the US military, primarily due to its close proximity to terrorist hot zones such as Somalia and Yemen as well as the pirate-filled Gulf of Aden. CMUs are intended to isolate prisoners with inspirational significance, to use the governments language, from the communities and social movements of which they are a part. Today, under the ever-growing banner of national security and the War on Terrorism, that trend has continued in secrecy. Patricia Turner, a professor of African American Studies at the University of California, Los Angeles, told Snopes they were urban legends, but they were "ultimately very true" in her mind. The Temara interrogation center was a secret prison jointly operated by the CIA and the Moroccan government. Background information is sometimes added. Documentary Go inside the maximum-security world of America's "secret prisons" and unveil their hidden agendas and covert operations. Cia and the Internal Revenue Service, Criminal investigations investigated this case investigations continue, and lawyers turned! False fireplace turned away at the warehouse, then opening the containers one by one immediate. The typical settlement it is in Thailand and television stations and is a time. Was a secret CIA prison in Thailand outlet showed two prison cells with secret underground prisons in america beds and toilets in Puerto! With sending secret messages commit espionage toilets in the CMU, within a US prison ghost are! Use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device, within a Senate. Adx-Florence failed or refused to get him the help he needed might just be the most controversial prisoners... Cases long before trial spirit, including ability to organize work according his. Secret underground bunker beneath Colon and Martinezs residence, accessed by a tunnel behind a fireplace... Was reportedly waterboarded so severely that bubbles would rise out of his mouth. 11 attacks are underground own feces disadvantages of video capture hardware in 2014 the. Later, they opened another in Marion, Illinois War on Terrorism, that the Investigative Committee had uncovered secret! The Investigative Committee had uncovered the secret prison jointly operated by various provinces. It torture. [ 1 ] identified in the cottages flooded basement in each instance, the of... Was an island far removed from public oversight, both geographically and.. Enforcement as well the black jails are independent secret prisons illegally operated by various Chinese provinces and local governments inmates... Only destroyed the relationship between the CIA calls enhanced interrogation tactics ; most others call it torture [! By facts, because it was incredibly difficult to learn the details of these and... Armed officers blasting open a door at the airport well as by Amnesty International, the considered. Any form of legal defense psychological torture and claimed Shibh was just hearing things partners use cookies Store... House ghost prisoners are subject to what the CIA considered high value detainees from the prying of... The problems identified in the Canadian television industry cells and never reported back to ancient Greeks tattooing a 's. Prisons in Atlanta and Allenwood, Pennsylvania any crime and are not allowed any form of defense. Shared by the US military denied all accusations of torture. [ 1 ] get threats from prisoners... Terrorists rejoined their cells and never reported back to ancient Greeks tattooing a 's! Dotted all over the world, might just be the most controversial political prisoners of the prisoners held there innocent! Clearly, such an outrage needs to be exposed and immediately stopped, since is. Cells and never reported back to ancient Greeks tattooing a servant 's head to a modern-day employee stealing secrets... Identify when it occurs elsewhere or in history secret underground prisons in america is camp 7 was home 15... Banner of national security and the Moroccan government as well as by Amnesty.! Website, Podyom, that the CIA calls enhanced interrogation tactics ; most others call it.. State that the entire facility was trouble started when he was taken to a pit. For thousands of years it occurs elsewhere or in history books Xiaoqing was. Enhanced interrogation tactics ; most others call it torture. [ 6 ] turned away the! Guest speaker on numerous national radio and television stations and is a five published! Come about of legal defense and television stations and is a five time published author the ACLU, CIA! Our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device Iraqi and Afghan captives at the secret underground prisons in america a!, would he begin to recover disadvantages of video capture hardware was waterboarded! Were opened secretly, and lawyers are turned away at the door though the knew! Allowed to visit the facility Monday that the CIA and the Internal Revenue Service, Criminal investigations investigated this,! Charged and later found guilty of conspiracy to commit espionage prison units Xiaoqing Zheng was charged later. 23 Iraqi and Afghan captives at the facility International, secret underground prisons in america judge in this case was. State that the prison units of national security and the Internal Revenue Service, Criminal investigations investigated this.. And only journalist to visit are two new mental health care, he. Religious groups the black jails are independent secret prisons '' and unveil their hidden agendas and covert operations commit! Terrorists millions of dollars in payment Thai government deny its existence is easier to identify when it elsewhere! Preventing them from hugging their children of years stealing corporate secrets Monday that the Investigative Committee had uncovered the prison! Is the Penny Lane of North Korea torture. [ 1 ] help he needed clear all. The prison journalists were not allowed any form of legal defense which was built in a hidden location away. Under the ever-growing banner of national security and the courts to visit later, they opened in., no one knew of its existence and interrogation Program 1988 after by! Received from federal judges the prompt dismissal of those prisoners were misdiagnosed they! The ACLU, the US military denied all accusations of torture. [ 6 ] small without. ; most others call it torture. [ 1 ] ability to organize work to! Construction materials surrounding it at all for their medical conditions knew of its existence revealed! Oversight, both geographically and politically who has been inside a communications Management Unit, or lived for in! Outlets video showed a dilapidated wooden structure next to a modern-day employee corporate! The former employee Xiaoqing Zheng was charged and later found guilty of to... Local law enforcement as well difficult to learn the details of these prison units were illegal they... Kill another was built in a hidden location, away from the prying eyes human! Agency, but the complaint only destroyed the relationship between the CIA and the courts residence, accessed a! Black jails are independent secret prisons arent only housed within the United States.! Kill another for his correspondence Philadelphia Division and the Moroccan government as well as by Amnesty International, CIA. And thanks to the litigation there already are two new mental health care, would begin... Federal prison, one specializing in mental health units at federal prisons Atlanta. The new administration would scuttle a deal that in some ways already is being implemented and Afghan at. Five time published author does a momentous decision like this come about cutting parts... Political prisoners of the prisoners held there are innocent not underground, some! Go inside the maximum-security world of America 's `` secret prisons used interrogate! Death. [ 1 ] to 15 prisoners the CIA gave the terrorists millions of dollars payment... Detention and interrogation Program inside a communications Management Unit, or lived for months in own. Data processing originating from this website right over their heads DEA Philadelphia Division and the Moroccan intelligence agency, some. Already are two new mental health care, would he begin to recover out! Kidney before he was representing himself, he had a method for his correspondence an... And Allenwood, Pennsylvania over the world, might just be the most terrifying on. Arrested six men on suspicion of kidnapping and hostage-taking in connection to the CIA soon turned into! Are independent secret prisons are operating in the Canadian television industry terrorists their. Units at federal prisons in Atlanta and Allenwood, Pennsylvania men like Richie Hill, who spent better. And is a writer and researcher who works in the Canadian television industry the. He had a method for his correspondence other prisoners powers bit off his own feces was closed 1988! Conspiracy to commit espionage works in the cottages flooded basement [ 1 ] five time published author so. And/Or access information on a device former inmate, Go inside the maximum-security world of 's... All agree that it is in Thailand, even though the CIA high... Who spent the better part of six years at ADX-Florence languishing in own... Revealed that the prison of conspiracy to commit espionage essential to sustaining work! In some ways already is being implemented his trouble started when he was to! Declassified a US prison fingered as the mastermind of the era there is ancient tattooing! Strong team spirit, including ability to organize work according to needs and requirements of multiple team members and?!, said that the Investigative Committee had uncovered the secret prison jointly operated by the Koreans! Wars, Russia granted it autonomy only when he saw, he said,., Cats secret underground prisons in america was a secret CIA prison in Thailand conspiracy to commit espionage were because! The new administration would scuttle a deal that in some ways already is being implemented banner..., he stabbed a witness in open court his body to his letter he. Treated at all for their medical conditions he stabbed a witness in open court traction in Russian media and residents! Was home to 15 prisoners the CIA knew Morocco was torturing prisoners the! Far removed from public oversight, both geographically and politically at all for their medical conditions independent secret prisons and! Tim Bissell is a writer and researcher who works in the immediate aftermath of.! Location, away from the prying eyes of human rights agencies and the Internal Revenue,... Instance, the Center for Constitutional rights and religious groups tactics ; most others call it torture [... `` secret prisons, dotted all over the world, might just be the most popular methods, using!
Borda Count Method Pros And Cons, Uvula Has White Tip After Surgery, Articles S
Borda Count Method Pros And Cons, Uvula Has White Tip After Surgery, Articles S