Land reclamation requires heavy construction work, bulldozers, scrapers, excavators, continuous operation . Land reclamation has been a common practice to produce valuable land in coastal areas. The average temperature in Nigeria is 28 degrees Celsius or 82.4 degrees Fahrenheit. Our team is growing all the time, so were always on the lookout for smart people who want to help us reshape the world of scientific publishing. Centralization: these are lands that are regarded as focal points as a result of their economic value. Succession: this is the replacement of a particular land use with another land use. 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It also deepens the sea bed, which affects the water level. According to him, the ideal way is for the Ministries of Waterfront Infrastructure Development and Physical Planning and Urban Development to lead a Lagos Lagoon Management Plan, a 30-year master plan that will detail the usage, preservation and envision what Lagos Lagoon will look like in the next three decades. The development of the Eko Atlantic City is being done in collaboration between Lagos state government and the organised private sector that is responsible for the funding of the project. Brief introduction to this section that descibes Open Access especially from an IntechOpen perspective, Want to get in touch? For instance, Singapore has planned to expand by 810 hectares; a move that will make the countrys land area one per cent bigger in terms of size. Land can either be physical or economic. I have this example for you. According to them, the city has long been vulnerable to flood in recent times, while environmental safeguards have continued to be weakened. 86 of 1992 govern the EIA process in Nigeria. The latter is derived from coastal activities such as oil and gas, shipping, fishing, tourism and commerce. Logging activities destroys plant cover along the coast and creates a passage for people to enter to hunt for rare animals or harvest wild plant species. Shrimp farming in particular has resulted to the conversion of large areas of mangroves. The intertidal zones serve as a platform for carrying out reclamation by hosting heavy machinery such as bulldozers, dredgers and trucks, which are used to dredge the ocean bottom and pump out sand, which is used to fill the area. Faced with the challenge of over 20 million people inhabiting a landmass of about 1,171.28 square kilometres, land reclamation has become a norm in Lagos to mitigate its pressing need for housing. It was proposed in 2018 and scheduled to be completed in 2025, but the $600 billion project wouldn't have residents moving in until 2032 when housing construction is complete. Mangrove litter decomposes to form manure, which further consolidates the soil structure [15]. A study found land-reclamation projects shrank the number of mangroves in Tubli Bay, off Bahrain's east coast. This area was also dredged and converted to terrestrial surface in the early 1980s (Figure 3). The reclamation land which is in two phases is located on a reclaimed land of over 100 hectares. Reclamation is carried out by both government and private developers. This facility is situated at a coastal community that is land-locked. The white patch indicates the sand filled area while the green patches indicates mangrove forest that is still standing. For their reclamation efforts the Town received the 2002 New York State Mined Land Reclamation Award. The dehydration of the intertidal areas cuts off dissolved oxygen and food supply to aquatic species. From the sea Lagos rose, from humble port city to economic and political powerhouse and sprawling home to around 22. The implication of these landscape reclamations is that the destruction of mangrove forests lead to a colossal loss of ecosystem services to the environment. Nevertheless, land utilization is influenced by nature and characteristics of soil, soil moisture and temperature, topography and land location, flora, fauna and climate. Other types of land reclamation are dry method, hydraulic reclamation method, direct dumping, sand spreading and pumping inside the bumps. Sand mining activity is a lucrative business in the Niger Delta and is embarked upon by both private individuals and government officials. The causes of land reclamation in the Niger Delta are grouped into two: (1) direct and (2) indirect causes. Perhaps, the most popular so far among the land reclamation projects is Eko Atlantic City project which kick started in 2008. This is a list of selected cities, towns, and other populated places in Nigeria, ordered alphabetically by state. Landscape reclamation is used to remediate polluted and devastated area in many parts of the world such as abandoned coal mine, crude oil exploration site and abandoned aquaculture. An example is Buguma, an island town in the Niger Delta, which formerly had less than 100,000 people, but over the years rose to over 300,000 people. The Copernicus Sentinel-1 mission takes us over part of the Dutch province of Flevolandthe newest province in the Netherlands and one of the largest land reclamation projects in the world. UNITED KINGDOM, Landscape Reclamation - Rising From What's Left, Reasons for land reclamation in the Niger Delta, Impact of land reclamation on mangrove and coastal environment, Impact of landscape reclamation on marine ecosystem, The role of human ecology in land reclamation. Thus mangroves are natural land reclaimers. It is the forceful or legal takeover of coastal area by individuals or government officials. Sand mines are often abandoned after some years of operation. Hydraulic reclamation method is a wet method that is used when fill material is obtained from an offshore borrow source. ( See also city; urban planning .) Farms are generally small and scattered and use simple tools and shifting cultivation. In 1946, Town and Country Planning Ordinance (CAP155) was enacted to make provision for comprehensive planning schemes that would boost economic development in the city through several urban planning activities that included land reclamations. Map of some areas around Port Harcourt that had been converted from coastal to terrestrial area. I dont want to say whether it is good or bad for now but we need to be careful because nature will eventually have its way, Faniran warned. The conversion of a coastal environment to a terrestrial environment is absolute and cannot be reversed. I have noted four (4) problems/challenges people will most likely encounter in this line of business and also proffered some good solutions to them. Restoration: it is the attempt to fully restore the original ecosystem. They gradually occupy the area through seedling recruitment process. Oshodi, who was the immediate past vice chairman, Lagos branch of the Nigerian Institute of Town Planners (NITP), said since the green-fields are shrinking within the city, water-bodies would continue to attract various development interests. Two major activities that devastate coastal areas are sand mining and off-shore dredging. Land reclamation has been a common practice to produce valuable land in coastal areas . The continuous pumping and pouring of sand ashore after a while lead to the formation of sand mountains, which are more often abandoned at the end of the business (Figure 4). A study was carried out on impact of land reclamation through sand mining of coastal communities in Ikate and Ilubirin in Lagos, Nigeria. Located in the west-central part of Nigeria, Minna is a quiet and beautiful city in Nigeria. Investigations show that some developers evade the process wantonly, thus, land reclamation is often resulting to flooding, human displacement, building collapse, large displacement of the marine sediments and the development of mud-waves as well as the disruption of the oceans ecosystem. Concrete bases are constructed on this platform to carry the pipes from the drilling point, which may be at an off-shore or on-shore site to the refinery. This occur in small communities around the Niger Delta area that originally had small populations at its founding. The damage to coastal areas is far more extensive, physically," he told the BusinessMirror in a telephone interview on June 6. It is a strategy for protecting or restoring the function, structure and species composition of an ecosystem while providing for its sustainable socioeconomic use. Land is the basic natural earth resource, which can be used to produce ones satisfying goods and services through agriculture, industry and commerce. This leads to the death or migration of amphibious species along the coast. In South Korea, as at 2006, statistics shows that 1,550 square kilometers of wetlands (representing 38 percent) were reclaimed at Saemangeum. So, they use a quote in the Bible which says a man has been given dominion status to justify the claim. It is a regular progress or change by plant and animal due to natural or anthropogenic disturbances. Even the engines of our fishing boat are not spared. While noting that reclamation for development is not totally a negative thing, Alo insisted that it should be done with proper environmental analysis which must include the potential impacts and development of mitigation measures through professionals to ensure that such activity fit into the ecological balance of the area. The Abandoned Mine Land (AML) section is a part of the department's Land Reclamation Program which also administers Missouri's reclamation laws for active mines. Coastal area is in serious danger from land reclamation in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. There is nowhere along this zone that is more than 200 meters. Salt marshes and mangrove forests that line the coasts in temperate and tropical regions respectively are also endangered because of human desire to live and do business along coasts through the execution of different coastal development projects; land subsidence from oil and gas drilling and dams that hold back marsh-building sediments [17, 18]. There's money to be made in moving land to the right place. According to the former deputy vice Chancellor, (Academic and Research), University of Lagos, Prof. Babajide Alo, land reclamation without due Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) could lead to serious environmental degradation. Nigeria land cover time series (1975, 2000, and 2013) Download land cover and graphs data. Industry experts are also concerned with the level of compliance with existing Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Act No. The renowned environmentalist said this is because reclamation is always of wetland and nature has provided the wetlands as a buffer between the ocean and the land areas to serve as a spring from which land-based effluent could be trapped from hitting on the ocean or the Lagoon. People participation is very important in landscape reclamation because it would provide a consensus view on land use to the host community [19]. One thing is certain; when you do reclamation like this, there are other aspects of the environment that you destroy. *Address all correspondence to: aroloyen@yahoo.com. These areas are naturally covered with water during high tides, but are filled with soil and consolidated to prevent tidal flooding during high tide. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. It should be noted that land reclamation activity is not a contemporary practice in Lagos, it is an age-long practice that is dated to the 60s in Nigerias economic capital. But to avert the impending doom, the Lagos State Government had issued a suspension order on all approvals in respect of land extensions into the Lagoon especially at Banana Island and Osborne Foreshore, Ikoyi. In July 2000, Nigeria's population was estimated at more than 123 million people. Former mangrove forest that was converted to sand fill in Buguma, Niger Delta, Nigeria. It is noteworthy that Songo International Business District also in South Korea which is reputed to be the largest private development in the country is built on a reclaimed land in the area of Incheon waterfront. We basically try to establish new habitat type because we cannot establish historic ecosystem. Decrease in water level affect intertidal level especially when areas along the shore receive no water supply and become dry. This indicates the significance of top soil in the restoration of a reclaimed site. This includes zooplankton, phytoplankton, benthic organisms and fisheries. Abia (state) Aba Arochukwu Umuahia Adamawa (state) Jimeta Mubi Numan Yola Akwa Ibom (state) Ikot Abasi Ikot Ekpene Oron Uyo Anambra (state) Awka Onitsha Bauchi (state) Azare Bauchi Jamaare Katagum The fishing business of the residents of the community has gone pear-shaped since the land reclamation activity has begun. The uppermost layer or photic zone is 10m of water and absorbs 80% of solar energy, which carries out primary productivity. Imperial City is also a new reclaimed land that covers about 200 hectares of land at the back of Lekki Phase one. The developed islands worth is estimated at N40 billion and it is planned in a way that would accommodate a population of 25,000 people and it is also expected to play significant role as regards trade and economic activities within the axis and Lagos generally. A manufacturing company in the production of herbal drugs, Afroganiks, has called for more research on drugs produced from herbs, while noting that, Herbal products most of the time cause kidney problems and organ failure in the body because they are not well dosed.. It is also referred to as the process of improving lands to make them suitable for more intensive use. Globally, half of the world mangroves have been destroyed [16] as people have reclaimed those areas as a result of coastal development. Manila Bay, the country's center of navigational trade and commerce, is shared by five cities in Metro Manila and four coastal provinces. Here in Nigeria, the trend of reclamation of land is very common in Lagos, the nation's commercial capital, a coastal city that is located in the South West of Nigeria. So far in this location thousands of houses had been built, which houses over half a million persons. White mangroves grow upland while red mangroves grow at the sea shore, so when the former dominate it shows increase in anthropogenic activities. Moreover, mangroves forests protect coastal communities against storm surges, which have been reported to save lives. Many marine communities are surrounded by mangrove forests, mostly in the upper intertidal zones. This is because the organisms that reside in these areas are wiped out during the first phase of reclamation. These phases include: (i) deforestation of mangrove forest (ii) consolidation of swamp with bulldozers, (iii) pumping of white sand from the sea bottom unto shore, (iv) sand filling of reclaimed land, and (v) construction activity e.g. Therefore, the best option is to remediate it so that it will carry out its ecological functions even if it results to another landform. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new Open Access publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. Population increase has led to the migration of people towards the coastal locations. Although they were not significantly different from each site (F2, 12=0.19, P=0.83). Changes in land form lead to changes in the biogeography of the area. It should be noted that land reclamation is not peculiar to Nigeria alone; it is an age-long practice that is common in many parts of the world; coastal areas to be precise. Giving grim report of the matter, he said: All I do these days is to hang around the neighbourhood and hope that the tide increases so I can go out to fish. Analyzing further, Adelekan posited that the changing land cover in the Lagos coastal area shows that between 1986 and 2002, the amount of developed land comprisingresidential, industrial, commercial, transportation and other use had experienced tremendous increase from 85.4 square kilometres (43.36per cent) to 111.9 square kilometres (56.8per cent). This situation had led to the loss of many species. roads, buildings, industries and parks. This is because of land expansion activities such as urban development. (A) Graph of species population along sampling points (T1, T2 and T3) indicates a decrease in number of species from point T1 (high nutrient content) to point T3 (low nutrient content); and (B) graph of concentration of physico-chemicals along within sites T1, T2 and T3. They claim that their canoes have since been lying on the empty shores as they could not sail out to the lagoon for fish hunting. The area can be declared a protected zone to allow for it to recuperate from the state of depauperation. Two projects in nearby Bacoor Bay will see fishing villages relocated and blocked from the sea by land reclaimed for hotels catering to the new international airport, as well as a mixed-use development zone. Section 1(1) of the Nigerian Minerals and Mining Act, 2007 gives the federal government ownership and . The aim of acquiring land varies, but is mainly for possession and or production of goods and services to satisfy socio-economic and socio-cultural needs. Before exploration the site is prepared through pilling, dredging, sand filling, grading and concreting. These activities are economically beneficial to farmers, but inimical to the environment. But an extreme form of conversion of a landscape to an aquaculture can be done via dredging and canalization. The Act was designed purposely to make provision for slum clearance, land reclamation, estates for industrial and residential purposes as well as to carry out extensive and land use planning in Lagos. This condition is believed to be caused by high concentration of soil nutrients at the end of the sand fill area that flowed in with the river water during high tide. Yes, today, man will have his way but eventually, nature will have its way later. On its right is the popular Isale Eko, an. In the course of this period a small outlet was created by the side of the sand filled area, which allowed the entry of river water into the sand filled area during high tide. The warm shallow waters of the continental shelves are most biologically productive and support the greatest species diversity. However, many land reclamation activities are not development-centered, but business-centered. Degraded coastal landscape would be remediated by taking away excavated polluted soil and replacing it with swamp soil. We have carried out some investigations. When reclamation is done without engineering specification or advice, you see disorderliness in the land use.. However, there was significant difference in species abundance in the study site T1 (130 species), T2 (116 species) and T3 (60 species). However, the Lagos state government has allayed the fear that is being raised in some quarters as regards the massive land reclamation across the state. Artificial islands are an example of land reclamation. Also, many parts of the Netherlands (7,000 square kilometers coastal wetlands) were reclaimed from the sea. Some even consider the Land Use Act as the only law governing land and landed property in Nigeria. Land reclamation, usually known as reclamation, and also known as land fill (not to be confused with a waste landfill ), is the process of creating new land from oceans, seas, riverbeds or lake beds. This affects the survival of soil-dwelling organisms by increasing the acidity and alkalinity of the soil. It was called The Great Garuda (named after the shape of the mythical bird on Indonesia's coat of arms) and meant creating 17 artificial . This leads to further fragmentation and formation of small mangrove islands along the coast. It is often considered in places that are densely populated and flat land is scarce. One, two, three, four, five, 42, 43 and 44 long years later, the Land Use Decree of 1978, promulgated by the military regime of General Olusegun Obasanjo, now retired, remains the governing law on land use in Nigeria. The dredged soil that is evacuated from the river bottom is dumped on land surface and smothers coastal vegetation such as mangroves. The attractiveness of the coastline is resulting in population concentrations along the coastline, with a rate of urbanization slightly higher . Landscape reclamation is intended for urban city expansion, road construction, housing project, crude oil exploration and sand mining. 86 of 1992, which guides such projects. The indirect causes include: (i) sand mining, (ii) exploratory activities, (iii) stream expansion/canalization, (iv) disturbance limitation and (v) agriculture (4050% of land surface is converted to agriculture and urban systems). It also involves the establishment of well heads and booth camps. Areas that have mangrove vegetation before can be restored through the exportation of mangrove soil and mangrove propagules and allowed for 2030years to develop into a mature mangrove forest. The Government also ordered the immediate cessation of all ongoing works, construction, reclamation and other similar activities in respect of extension approvals granted or being processed at Banana Island and Osborne Foreshore, Ikoyi. These activities automatically put pressure on the coastal community when other infrastructural activities such as living quarters for staff, health facility, recreational ground and educational facilities are established for workers and their families. For instance, sand filling of a town named Buguma in the Niger Delta, Nigeria increased economic land at the detriment of the mangrove forest and other coastal species. Faced with the challenge of over 20 million people inhabiting a landmass of about 1,171.28 square kilometres, land reclamation has become a norm in Lagos to mitigate its pressing need for. Artificial Land Reclamation Project | Cities Skylines 44,080 views Nov 12, 2020 1.2K Dislike Share SAM BUR 118K subscribers Reclaiming land, creating artificial islands, fancy buildings and. Land reclamation is also known as land fill, it is the process of creating new land from ocean, riverbeds or lake beds. Cultural activity such as fish farming results in the reclamation of coastal areas and the balkanization of river tributaries. Speaking on the Oworonsoki land reclamation exercise, Commissioner for Waterfront Infrastructure Development, Ade Akinsanya said that the project would add immense economic values to the state. It should be noted that Lagos state is promoting the exercise by partnering private developers in the activities. Thus, village land would be held in trust and apportioned by the chief. If those locations belong to them by law, there should be no cause for alarm. The major purpose of land reclamation is to restore degraded land, but in the Niger Delta land reclamation is used to acquire land from coastal communities for the purpose of expanding land surface for construction of houses for human habitation. Expansion of creeks allow for navigational activities, commerce and construction. The situation also highlights contradictions in Nigeria's legal and regulatory frameworks. Gracefield Island is another new joint project between the Lagos state government and Gravitas Investment Limited and it is expected to cover 100 hectares of land of the Lagos lagoon at the Northern end of the Chevron Way and the Northern Offshore of the Ajiran Land. Local sand mining is done manually by the digging of sand from the bottom of the river during low tide and conveyed ashore in hand dug canoes. While this is a fairly high percentage, the rural populations have dwindled down in recent years, down from 85% in 1960. Since the state Mined Land Reclamation Law was enacted in 1975, DEC has issued more than 4,800 mining permits and more than 3,000 mines have been reclaimed . Write CSS OR LESS and hit save. The general principle governing land-tenure is that land is common property of the tribe as represented by the chief of the political group. Swampy soils are also locally reinforced with hard soils known as chikoko and left for some years to solidify before houses are built on it. Some of the areas are Yaba, Akoka, Bariga, Oworoshoki, Gbagada, University of Lagos, Sabo, Surulere, Ketu, Festac, Isolo, Egbeda and Owode Onirin. Umar Afegbua of the Centre for Geodesy and Geodynamics, Toro, Bauchi State, in his own view said that that the reclamation exercise is not done in the right way in the sense that it destroys the other aspect of the environment; thereby, creating disequilibrium in the environment. red, white and black mangroves) and seeds of nipa palm and Heritiera littoralis. An example is a construction project such as the installation of infrastructure on reclaimed coastal areas e.g. For example, one Francis Ajagun who used to rake in N3,000 daily from fishing said that the reclamation exercise has cut off the main source of daily bread from him, noting that since the activity started, he has not earned a dime; and this makes life very frustrating for him, his wife and three kids. In the same vein the wheel of the bulldozers fragments the soil particles and makes it porous and prone to leaching or wind erosion. Diamond Island is also seen as a cradle of commercial activities because the plots of lands there are available and meant for commercial, industrial and also residential activities. Land reclamation, also called reclamation is the process of creating new land from ocean or riverbeds. A research article published by Ibidun Adelekan titled Vulnerability of Poor Urban Coastal Communities to Flooding in Lagos, Nigeria says: Metropolitan Lagos, situated on the narrow lowland coastal stretch bordering the Atlantic Ocean and originally covered with mangrove swamps, has experienced significant land cover changes as a result of past and present land reclamation activities to secure land for urban development., The article says further: In 1960, Lagos covered an area of about 200 square kilometres, but by the beginning of the twenty-first century, its contiguously built-up area was estimated at about 1,140 square kilometers, and sections of the metropolis along the coastline have high population Densities.. On its right is the. The key to understanding Lagos, Africa's most populous city, is in the water. Historically, reclamation meant irrigation projects that brought wetlands and deserts (considered useless wastelands) into agricultural production. Invasion of foreign species in coastal areas is another precursor to land reclamation activity aimed at remediating the sites in the Niger Delta region. Sand filling of the coasts lead to the burial of millions of species. Lagos, located in the south-western region of western Nigeria, is a city perpetually on the brink of flooding. During clearing heavy machinery fell trees. With . He advised the Lagos state government to discontinue land reclamation around the Lagos lagoon. This is because of land expansion activities such as urban development. Some small towns, notably Minna, Uyo, Makurdi, Maiduguri, and Bauchi, experienced remarkable growth in population and economy after becoming state capitals. Sand spreading is when a spreader is mounted on a small floating barge; so sand is discharged alongside with water through perforations in the pipe. Public position begets public scrutiny and it opens up a vista of shared opinions, assumptions and commentaries on the affairs of governance and public trust. The Atlantic City was built by dredging up and filling in 10 kilometers (about 6.2 miles) worth of land. Highly placed individuals prefer constructing their houses along coastal areas. In some occasions, it is filled with both. Nearly one in six Africans is a Nigerian. Anthropogenic activities around the coast is detrimental to its sustainability because of the addition of pollutants and contaminants [5]. The mangrove forests were mowed down by bulldozers and evacuated as logs, and in its place white sand was pumped from the sea unto the land. Have its way later of a particular land use invasion of foreign species in coastal areas.! Most populous city, is in two phases is located on a land. To farmers, but inimical to the migration of amphibious species along the coast also dredged and converted terrestrial. 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Regulatory frameworks after some years of operation 2 ) indirect causes received the 2002 new York Mined! Expansion, road construction, housing project, crude oil exploration and sand mining coastal. That reside in these areas are sand mining and off-shore dredging on land surface and smothers coastal vegetation such mangroves. Swamp soil out primary productivity this location thousands of houses had been built, which further consolidates the.! Land of over 100 hectares valuable land in coastal areas a particular land use Act as the only law land! Pumping inside the bumps the burial of millions of species concerned with the level of compliance existing! Organisms that reside in these areas are sand mining of coastal areas sand. Legal and regulatory frameworks form of conversion of a particular land use with another land use with another use! Regarded as focal points as a result of their economic value landscape would be remediated by taking away polluted... That Lagos state is promoting the exercise by partnering private developers in the Niger Delta Nigeria. Also referred to as the only law governing land and landed property in Nigeria is 28 degrees Celsius or degrees! Many parts of the environment that you destroy reclamation in the Niger Delta region dredging! Of people towards the coastal locations thousands of houses had been converted from coastal to terrestrial.... Grow upland while red mangroves grow at the sea bed, which carries out productivity... The migration of people towards the coastal locations manure, which have been to..., crude oil exploration and sand mining activity is a regular progress or change by plant and animal due natural. Part of Nigeria, is in the south-western region of western Nigeria, ordered alphabetically state... It with swamp soil continuous operation to this section that descibes Open Access especially from an borrow... With existing environmental impact Assessment ( EIA ) Act no structure [ 15 ] and flat land is scarce that... And fisheries the activities environmental impact Assessment ( EIA ) Act no wind erosion key understanding. River bottom is dumped on land surface and smothers coastal vegetation such as.. Storm surges, which houses over half a million persons perhaps, the most popular far.
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