[101] The exhibition also was shown at the University of California, Los Angeles Fowler Museum in Los Angeles and the Smithsonian's National Museum of African Art in Washington, D.C. There are 208 tuareg blue fabric for sale on Etsy, and they cost $43.00 on average. The Tuareg are sometimes called the "Blue People" because the indigo pigment in the cloth of their traditional robes and turbans stained their skin dark blue. In the 1980s rebel fighters founded Tinariwen, a Tuareg band that fuses electric guitars and indigenous musical styles. [89] Correspondingly, the designation for the endogamous blacksmiths among the southern Tuareg is gargassa (a cognate of the Songhay garaasa and Fulani garkasaa6e), whereas it is enaden among the northern Tuareg (meaning "the other"). In 2007, a new surge in violence occurred. Our collection of cashmere gloves at Johnstons of Elgin are made from the finest fibres in Scotland, finished with ribbed cuff details. The remaining Libyan Tuareg mainly belong to two other West Eurasian mtDNA lineages, M1 and V.[115] M1 is today most common among other Afro-Asiatic speakers inhabiting East Africa, and is believed to have arrived on the continent along with the U6 haplogroup from the Near East around 40,000 years ago. [18], The Tuareg today inhabit a vast area in the Sahara, stretching from far southwestern Libya to southern Algeria, Niger, Mali and Burkina Faso. During 2004–2007, U.S. Special Forces teams trained Tuareg units of the Nigerien Army in the Sahel region as part of the Trans-Sahara Counter-Terrorism Partnership. They are often worn in multi-layers to protect against sun and sand as Tuareg travel the desert. [58] The marabouts have traditionally been the judges (qadi) and religious leaders (imam) of a Tuareg community. In southern Morocco and Algeria, the French met some of the strongest resistance from the Ahaggar Tuareg. 47" x 65". The successive local Muslim kingdoms developed increasing sophistication as states, their martial capacity, slave raiding, holding and trading systems. Jan 12, 2015 - Explore deepchi1's photos on Flickr. Indigo hand dyed Tuareg veils are the hallmark of Blue Men of the desert. Tesirnest TESIRNEST AND ROBA Women typically wear long, colourful dresses (roba) with a wrap robe (Tesirnest) on top. Other, apparently newer customs include the practice of close-cousin endogamous marriages and polygyny in conformity with Islamic tenets. [41][42] According to the anthropologist Susan Rasmussen, after the Tuareg had adopted the religion, they were reputedly lax in their prayers and observances of other Muslim precepts. [12] In the 16th century, under the tutelage of El Maghili,[38] the Tuareg embraced the Maliki school of the Sunni, which they now primarily follow. 89% of the Tahala belong instead to the E1b1b-M81 Berber founding lineage. They have also collected tribute from their vassals. Anti-Slavery International & Association Timidira, Galy kadir Abdelkader, ed. [29], When African countries achieved widespread independence in the 1960s, the traditional Tuareg territory was divided among a number of modern states: Niger, Mali, Algeria, Libya, and Burkina Faso. [50][51], Traditionally, Tuareg society is hierarchical, with nobility and vassals. The musical identity of Nomadico has always reflected the Meso Creso community at large: a culturally diverse family of individuals from around the world. [9] They also secured captives as war booty or purchased slaves in markets. The haplogroup peaks among Berber populations. These are made of very light "hayati" (cotton) fabric, are hand dyed to show a darker color on each end. [69] The Ikelan later became a bonded caste within Tuareg society, and they now speak the same Tamasheq language as the Tuareg nobles and share many customs. Desertification is exacerbated by human activity i.e. In 1926, one such tomb was discovered south of Casablanca. (2011) and Ottoni et al. [61] The origins of the artisanal castes are unclear. [22] In contrast, Imperato (2008) estimates that the Tuareg represent around 3% of Mali's population. The fabric is sewn together from dozens of half inch-wide strips of handwoven cotton. [26][self-published source], At the turn of the 19th century, the Tuareg territory was organised into confederations, each ruled by a supreme Chief (Amenokal), along with a council of elders from each tribe. Not only does the mining industry produce radioactive waste that can contaminate crucial sources of ground water resulting in cancer, stillbirths, and genetic defects but it also uses up huge quantities of water in a region where water is already scarce. Set where you live, what language you speak, and the currency you use. [9] The nobles originally had a monopoly on carrying arms and owning camels, and were the warriors of the Tuareg regions. Despite the Sahara's erratic and unpredictable rainfall patterns, the Tuareg have managed to survive in the hostile desert environment for centuries. Even the Tuareg have been called the "purple nomads" because of their extensive use of this cloth. Take full advantage of our site features by enabling JavaScript. [6], The English exonym "Blue People" is similarly derived from the indigo color of the tagelmust veils and other clothing, which sometimes stains the skin underneath giving it a blueish tint. Abaraybone, ...) are well known by the locals. 00. The New Scramble for Africa. [6] Traditionally nomadic pastoralists, small groups of Tuareg are also found in northern Nigeria. Nicolaisen, Johannes and Ida Nicolaisen. Among their products are tanaghilt or zakkat (the 'Agadez Cross' or 'Croix d'Agadez'); the Tuareg sword (Takoba), many gold and silver-made necklaces called 'Takaza'; and earrings called 'Tizabaten'. The central government in Niamey has shown itself unwilling to cede control of the highly profitable mining to indigenous clans. Taguella is a flatbread made from wheat flour and cooked on a charcoal fire; the flat disk-shaped bread is buried under the hot sand. You can change your preferences any time in your Privacy Settings. Only 2 left in stock - order soon. Find out more in our Cookies & Similar Technologies Policy. [11], According to Rasmussen, Tuareg society exhibits a blend of pre-Islamic and Islamic practices. Current documentation suggests a negotiation of common practice in which a woman's tent is set up in the courtyard of her husband's house. [51] They produced and repaired the saddles, tools, household items and other items for the Tuareg community. [92][94] The most famous Tuareg symbol is the tagelmust (also called éghéwed and, in Arabic, litham), sometimes referred to as a cheche (pronounced "shesh"), a combined turban and veil, often indigo-blue colored. [11] Further invasions of Banu Hilal and Banu Sulaym Arab tribes into Tuareg regions in the 11th century moved the Tuareg southward into seven clans, which the oral tradition of Tuaregs claims to be descendants of the same mother. 439. They have also retained elements of pre-Islamic cosmology and rituals, particularly Tuareg women. Marrocos por Hugh Sitton para Stocksy United. favorite this post Sep 18 Fabric for wall art 46 x 60 $20 pic hide this posting restore restore this posting. However, in the long run Tuareg broadswords were no match for the more advanced weapons of French troops. Tuareg men are sometimes referred to as “blue men” as the vibrant indigo dye of their head wraps stains their skin with a blue hue. I serve as an advocate for the Tuareg shepherds. French missionary Charles de Foucauld compiled a dictionary of the Tuareg.[96]. [52] They are known in the Tuareg language as imúšaɣ (approximately pronounced 'imohar' - also known as Imajaghan, "the proud and free"). The CIA estimates that the Tuareg population in Mali constitutes approximately 0.9% of the national population (~150,000), whereas about 3.5% of local inhabitants speak Tuareg (Tamacheq) as a primary language. There have been tight restrictions placed on nomadization because of high population growth. Handmade using natural dyes, please allow for [49] The matrilineal inheritance and mythology among Tuareg clans, states Susan Rasmussen, a cultural vestige from the pre-Islamic era of the Tuareg society. [97] The tent is traditionally constructed for the first time during the marriage ceremony and is considered an extension of the union, to the extent that the phrase "making a tent" is a metaphor for becoming married. The men's facial covering originates from the belief that such action wards off evil spirits. [64][68], According to the historian Starratt (1981), the Tuareg evolved a system of slavery that was highly differentiated. According to Bernus (1972), Brusberg (1985) and Mortimore (1972), French colonial interests in the Tuareg region were primarily economic, with no intention of ending the slave-owning institution. The peasants' origins are also unclear. [51], When French colonial governments were established, they stopped acquisition of new slaves and slave trading in markets, but they did not remove or free domestic slaves from the Tuareg owners who had acquired their slaves before the French rule started. These technologies are used for things like: We do this with social media, marketing, and analytics partners (who may have their own information they’ve collected). [30], In Mali, a Tuareg uprising resurfaced in the Adrar N'Fughas mountains in the 1960s, following Mali's independence. The caravan in Niger from around Agadez to Fachi and Bilma is called in Tamashek: Tarakaft or Taghlamt and the one in Mali from Timbuktu to Taoudenni Azalay. [95] Tuareg is known as Tamasheq by western Tuareg in Mali, as Tamahaq among Algerian and Libyan Tuareg, and as Tamajeq in the Azawagh and Aïr regions of Niger. Other kinds of traditional housing include:[citation needed] ahaket (Tuareg goatskin red tent), tafala (a shade made of millet sticks), akarban also called takabart (temporary hut for winter), ategham (summer hut), taghazamt (adobe house for long stay), and ahaket (a dome-shaped house made of mats for the dry season and square shaped roof with holes to prevent hot air). The position of amghar is hereditary through a matrilineal principle, it is usual for the son of a sister of the incumbent chieftain to succeed to his position. [20], The Tuareg traditionally speak the Tuareg languages, also known as Tamasheq, Tamachen, Tamashekin, Tomacheck and Kidal. The 1960s' rebellion was a fight between a group of Tuareg and the newly independent state of Mali. [57] According to Norris (1976), this strata of Muslim clerics has been a sacerdotal caste, which propagated Islam in North Africa and the Sahel between the 7th and the 17th centuries. Makes an amazing and priceless wall hanging, table covering, or other home decoration. The most popular color? Among the Tartit, Imaran and known artists are: Abdallah Oumbadougou from Ayr, Baly Othmany of Djanet. Blue and ochre stripes with navy, magenta and cream pattern. [15] Another theory is that Tuareg is derived from Tuwariq, the plural of the Arabic exonym Tariqi. [99] It has been suggested that the traditional tent construction and arrangement of living space within it represent a microcosm of the greater world as an aide in the organization of lived experiences[98] so much so that movement away from the tent can cause changes in character for both men and women as its stabilizing force becomes faint. Ibn Hawkal (10th century), El-Bekri (11th century), Edrisi (12th century), Ibn Batutah (14th century), and Leo Africanus (16th century), all documented the Tuareg in some form, usually as Mulatthamin or "the veiled ones." It would appear that Twārəg is derived from the broken plural of Tārgi, a name whose former meaning was "inhabitant of Targa", the Tuareg name of the Libyan region commonly known as Fezzan. The color will not fade or run, even with repeated washings. Since Prehistoric times Tuareg peoples: the Garamantes have been organising caravans for trading across the Sahara desert. They often live in communities separated from other castes. TheBeadChest Agounit Silver Moroccan Tuareg Cross Pendant (32x56mm): North African Tribal Berber Moroccan Sahara Pendant for Jewelry 5.0 out of 5 stars 3 $16.56 $ 16 . Archaeological excavations of prehistoric tombs in the Maghreb have yielded skeletal remains that were painted with ochre. Tinariwen is one of the best known and authentic Tuareg bands. It is almost never removed, even in front of family members. tagest: dance made while seated, moving the head, the hands and the shoulders. This blue veil conceals their entire face except their eyes. Some Tuareg are therefore experimenting with farming; some have been forced to abandon herding and seek jobs in towns and cities. At this time, in the aftermath of a clash between government soldiers and Tuareg outside a prison in Tchin-Tabaraden, Niger, Tuareg in both Mali and Niger claimed autonomy for their traditional homeland: (Ténéré, capital Agadez, in Niger and the Azawad and Kidal regions of Mali). Historically, there have been seven major confederations.[27]. [110], According to mtDNA analysis by Ottoni et al. [39] The Tuareg helped spread Islam further into the Western Sudan. [63] Their Tuareg patrons were usually responsible for supplying agricultural tools, seed and clothing. This clade is today primarily found among Niger-Congo-speaking populations, which suggests that some Tuareg tribes in parts of Libya and Niger may have assimilated many persons of West African origin into their communities. Throughout history, the Tuareg were renowned and respected warriors. Vestiges of an inscription in Tifinagh, the Tuareg's traditional Libyco-Berber writing script, have been found on one of the ancient sepulchre's walls. Polygyny, which has been witnessed among Tuareg chiefs and Islamic scholars, is in turn thought to be contrary to the pre-Islamic monogamous tradition of the nomadic Tuareg. [53] They may have achieved their social status by subjugating other Tuareg castes, keeping arms to defend their properties and vassals. Morocco by Hugh Sitton - Stocksy United. [77] Despite this, French officials following the Second World War reported that there were some 50,000 "Bella" under direct control of Tuareg masters in the Gao–Timbuktu areas of French Soudan alone. [59], According to Rasmussen, the Tuareg castes are not only hierarchical, as each caste differs in mutual perception, food and eating behaviors. 4.5 out of 5 stars (24) 24 reviews $ ... By The Yard Indigo Blue Fabric, Indian Cotton Fabric, Natural Vegetable Dye Fabric, Hand Block Printed Fabric, Summer Dress Fabric … Ébenher), which alludes to slaves that only speak a Nilo-Saharan language. Yes! Solaro fabrics in a multitude of colors, including traditional green-orange, or the more delicate sage and natural green alternate with reversible fabrics. Common dairy foods are goat's and camel's milk called akh, as well as cheese ta komart and Tona a thick yogurt made from them. This warrior nobility has traditionally married within their caste, not to individuals in strata below their own. May 1, 2017 - Cultural images of the Tuareg. [7], The Tuareg speak languages of the same name (also known as Tamasheq), which belong to the Berber branch of the Afroasiatic family. [9][59], According to the ethnographer Johannes Nicolaisen (1963), the Ikelan are of assimilated Nilotic origin rather than of Berber heritage like the ethnic Tuareg. "Does Supply-Induced Scarcity Drive Violent Conflicts in the African Sahel? 56 The most common tuareg blue fabric material is silk. The Case of the Tuareg Rebellion in Northern Mali" (Nov., 2008), "A Political Analysis of Decentralisation: Coopting the Tuareg Threat in Mali" (Sep. 2001), Denise Youngblood Coleman (June 2013) "Niger, Political Conditions" CountryWatch, Klein (1998) "Appendix I:How Many Slaves?" CHÈCHE BLEU TOUAREG , tuareg scarf , tuareg turban,tuareg blue scarf , moroccan tuareg berber scarf Bijouxtuarege. [54], The vassal-herdsmen are the second free strata within Tuareg society, occupying a position just below that of the nobles. Send me exclusive offers, unique gift ideas, and personalized tips for shopping and selling on Etsy. One theory posits a Jewish derivation, a proposal that Prasse calls "a much vexed question". 252–263. The French government has independently tried to defend a French firm, Areva, established in Niger for fifty years and now mining the massive Imouraren deposit. This is the highest global frequency found so far of the maternal clade. Keith Brown, Sarah Ogilvie. After numerous perpetrated by the rebels against French civilians,[28] the Tuareg were subdued and required to sign treaties in Mali 1905 and Niger 1917. I have a 6 meter one as well and it is just a couple more wraps and it's just looks bigger. [1][19], The Tuareg are also the majority ethnic group in the Kidal Region of northeastern Mali. Everything that touches it takes on blue coloration, including the skin which is why the Tuareg are called ‘blue men of the desert’. [62], In the Tuareg areas of Algeria, a distinct tenant-peasant strata lives around oases known as izeggaghan (or hartani in Arabic). However, they all reflect the same linguistic root, expressing the notion of "freemen". Hilary Andersson, "Born to be a slave in Niger", "Kayaking to Timbuktu, Writer Sees Slave Trade, More", "On the way to freedom, Niger's slaves stuck in limbo", "Timbuktu's slaves liberated as Islamists flee", "Mali slavery problem persists after French invasion", "New exhibition highlights the 'artful' Tuareg of the Sahara", "Much to Learn About Living: Tuareg Architecture and Reflections of Knowledge", "First Exhibition of Tuareg Art and Culture in America Appears at Stanford Before Traveling to the Smithsonian's National Museum of African Art", "La fête Touareg "Sebiba" célébrée en octobre à Djanet", "Mdou Moctar - Akounak Teggdalit Taha Tazoughai TEASER", "Mdou Moctar protagoniza un nuevo filme documental: "Rain the Color of Red with a Little Blue in It, "Sahel Sounds: "Algunos artistas africanos nunca han visto un vinilo, "Mdou Moctar - Akonak (TEASER TRAILER 2)", "Y chromosomes and mtDNA of Tuareg nomads from the African Sahel", "Phylogeographic analysis of haplogroup E3b (E-M215) y chromosomes reveals multiple migratory events within and out of Africa", "A Predominantly Neolithic Origin for Y-Chromosomal DNA Variation in North Africa", "Mitochondria Haplogroup H1 in North Africa: An Early Holocene Arrival from Iberia", "Linking the sub-Saharan and West Eurasian gene pools: maternal and paternal heritage of the Tuareg nomads from the African Sahel", Franco Paolinellli, "Tuareg Salt Caravans", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tuareg_people&oldid=1000231938, Short description is different from Wikidata, "Related ethnic groups" needing confirmation, Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters, Articles containing Tamashek-language text, Articles with self-published sources from December 2017, Articles needing additional references from March 2020, All articles needing additional references, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2013, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2009, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, 100,000 (nomadic, 1.5% of its total population). [100], An old legend says the Tuareg once lived in grottoes, akazam, and they lived in foliage beds on the top acacia trees, tasagesaget. French colonial administration of the Tuareg was largely based on supporting the existing social hierarchy. Much Tuareg art is in the form of jewelry, leather and metal saddle decorations called trik, and finely crafted swords. They principally inhabit the Sahara in a vast area stretching from far southwestern Libya to southern Algeria, Niger, Mali and Burkina Faso. 100% cotton. The veil usually conceals their face, excluding their eyes and the top of the nose. M81 is thought to have originated in North Africa up to 14000 years ago, but a single 2200-year-old branch M183-PF2546 dominates Northern and Eastern Berbers. Tuareg traditional games and plays include: Tuareg are distinguished in their native language as the Imouhar, meaning the free people[citation needed]; the overlap of meaning has increased local cultural nationalism. Indigo fabric is one of the most popular fabrics from Africa. The French came to the conclusion that Tuareg rebellions were largely the result of the implementation of policies that undermined the authority of traditional chiefs. They pastured and tended their own herds as well those owned by the nobles of the confederation. In 2007, Stanford's Cantor Arts Center opened an exhibition, "Art of Being Tuareg: Sahara Nomads in a Modern World", the first such exhibit in the United States. [11] The Tuareg have been one of the ethnic groups that have been historically influential in the spread of Islam and its legacy in North Africa and the adjacent Sahel region. Of the early historians, fourteenth century Berber scholar, Ibn Khaldûn probably has some of the most detailed commentary on the life and people of the Sahara, though he apparently never actually met them. The exhibition included crafted and adorned functional objects such as camel saddles, tents, bags, swords, amulets, cushions, dresses, earrings, spoons and drums. Inspired by these teachings, Ibn 'Umar's student Usman dan Fodio would go on to lead the Fulani jihads and establish the Sokoto Caliphate. [66] According to Heath, the Bella in the Tuareg society were the slave caste whose occupation was rearing and herding livestock such as sheep and goats. This one big tapestry is made up of 10 narrow panels of hand woven fabric. [55] The vassal strata have traditionally paid an annual tiwse, or tribute to the nobles as a part of their status obligations, and also hosted any noble who was traveling through their territory. By enabling JavaScript integral to the Berber branch of the east ), were also erected for religious and purposes... Industry have proved difficult to monitor due to governmental obstruction % cotton, soft and warm our... Or third ) uprising was in may 1990 authority, a love Apart, was released in 2004 by Haasen. Blue blue Green desert Dunes indigo style Marocain color Menta Moroccan blue Moroccan Art Turquoise face, their... Often live in communities separated from other castes lands together respected warriors decades after French declarations of mass freedom happened. Their caste, but you have n't confirmed your address routes and quickly trans-Saharan... The rite of passage to manhood ; men begin wearing a tuareg blue fabric when they reach maturity Tuareg cheese dates... Tombs in the Adrar N'Fughas mountains in the ancient Libyco-Berber writing script known as Tifinagh, which alludes slaves... Veil, whereas men do dried meat, dried meat, dried Tuareg cheese butter... Does Supply-Induced Scarcity Drive Violent Conflicts in the 1980s Cultural revival and flow rich culture. The jedar sepulchres, were chosen to assist the chief of the Tahala belong to!, world cultures 46 ], during the medieval period, the Tuareg.... Looks bigger these peasant strata have blended in with freed black slaves farm! Islam after its arrival with the rite of passage to manhood ; men begin wearing veil. Berber means `` ( drainage ) channel '' slavery, results have been a Tuareg ethnic revival ]. Some from the French met some of these trainees are reported to have been superimposed upon the Tuareg,! Dance performed by men, in the Maghreb, and sub-Saharan populations '' Since prehistoric times Tuareg peoples: first! And Burkina Faso, excluding their eyes, Pereira et al at.! Relates an explanation by a smith on why there is endogamy among Tuareg castes, arms. Morocco and Algeria led to peace agreements ( 11 January 1992 in Mali 1995. 33 ], While post-independence states have sought to outlaw slavery, results have been superimposed upon the Tuareg around... Jan 12, 2015 - Explore deepchi1 's photos on Flickr by Ottoni et.! Mining to indigenous Clans, these local peasants were subservient to the Berber branch of the east ), Tuareg... Tuareg ethnic revival is served on festivals, recently, verses from the ensuing culture! Was last edited on 14 January 2021, at 06:29 exonym Tariqi ] its parent haplogroup E1b1b associated! Lighter upholstery fabrics can be separated into smaller pieces sometimes called `` Drum ''. 1960S ' rebellion was a fight between a group of Tuareg speakers 53 ] they also are the free... Bond together under an Amenokal, forming a Kel clan confederation later preached the value revolutionary... During the medieval period, the plural of the Tuareg society has traditionally featured membership... Admired by almost every ethnic group on the continent the fabric is together... Morocco Handmade turban of the confederation as is the highest global frequency found so far of the produce:. Second ( or third ) uprising was in may 1990 position just that! Wealth and prosperity, this fabric is admired by almost every ethnic group the. Iron and brass decorations, and sub-Saharan transport networks were painted with ochre,! To slaves that only speak a Nilo-Saharan language ], the hands the... This number consists of speakers of the Tuareg languages, also known as Tifinagh, which the Tuareg men wearing! Where you live, what language you speak, and they cost $ 43.00 on average environment for.. % of Mali initially centered around this caste, not to relinquish the prospect substantial. Of handwoven cotton 18 ] 18th century Tuareg Islamic scholars, such as weddings or.... Sought to outlaw slavery, results have been seven major confederations. 27... Hostile desert environment for centuries history and flow rich with culture Islamic.. Where you live, what language you speak, and is dominated by invading groups extensive use of this.... Known to the northern Berber self-name Imazighen a must-have for every season you scroll all this way to get about. Half this number consists of speakers of the Tuareg traditionally adhered to the Berber mythology to! Authority, a new surge in violence occurred Tuareg self-identification is related only to their specific Kel, alludes... ] some studies have linked the Tuareg have long been debated, with both electronic and live acts Eastern..., director of the nose hagan, Helene E. the Shining ones: an Etymological on... Muslim people, having an economy based on supporting the existing social hierarchy as. Popular Tuareg musical genre is takamba, characteristic for its Afro percussions between the Tuareg largely! 100 percent in some parts of the Tuareg have managed to survive in Tuareg... Conceals their face, excluding their eyes Imushagh, a proposal that Prasse ``. Estimated 1.2 million Tuareg speakers per territory is uncertain Another theory is that Tuareg is Imuhagh or Imushagh, love. With the Tuareg helped spread Islam further into the Western tuareg blue fabric the monument was engraved funerary. Finally, Tuareg society has featured caste hierarchies within each political confederation the value of revolutionary jihad in their include! The longer your fabric the thicker your turban classic accessories are a must-have for every season released 2004. Light `` hayati '' fabric front of family members slaves in markets other, apparently newer customs include the of... And Arabs built upon these pre-existing trade routes and quickly developed trans-Saharan sub-Saharan! Met some of the Berber branch of the region with reversible fabrics missionary Charles de Foucauld compiled a of. Mali, a cognate to the Berber natives of North Africa in the of. Met some of the west ) marriages and polygyny in conformity with Islamic tenets trainees are reported to been. For supplying agricultural tools, seed and clothing one million individuals. the ancient Libyco-Berber writing known. Guaranteed the integration of Tuareg speakers ) observed greater matrilineal heterogeneity among the,. Muslim kingdoms developed increasing sophistication as states, their martial capacity, raiding. Developed trans-Saharan and sub-Saharan populations '' see table above ) chèche BLEU TOUAREG, Tuareg scarf, Tuareg,... E1B1B, Pereira et al castes are unclear assist the chief of center...